企业异质性、融资约束与中国制造业企业的出口

Firm Heterogeneity,Financing Constraints and Firm's Export of Chinese Manufacturing

利用2008年中国经济普查整合数据库中企业层面的数据,本文分析了企业异质性、融资约束以及其他企业特征对中国制造业企业出口行为的影响。研究发现,Melitz(2003)的企业异质性理论模型不适用于中国的情形,"生产率悖论"存在于中国各所有制和各种规模的企业之中,生产率优势并不是中国企业进入出口市场的主要决定因素。企业的融资能力对其进入出口市场的影响十分显著,融资约束越弱的企业更可能出口,且出口更多。与中国的要素禀赋和比较优势相一致,劳动密集度越高的企业,出口可能性和出口密集度都更高。劳动力成本依然是中国企业,特别是私营企业和中小型企业获得出口竞争力优势的重要来源。在劳动力成本日益攀升的形势下,降低对私营企业的信贷歧视和增强中小型企业的融资能力,并提高私营企业和中小型企业的生产率水平,对于扩大中国的出口规模和增强中国企业的出口竞争力都具有重要意义。

This paper examines the effects of financing constraints, firm heterogeneity, and the other firm characteristics on firm exports of Chinese manufacturing by using 2008 China Economic Census Integration Database. The results show that Melitz （2003）model about firm heterogeneity does not apply to China, and the productivity paradox exists in all kind of ownership firms, and in all kind of scale firms. Productivity advantage is not the key determinant factor that Chinese firms enter into the export markets. The firm＇s financial ability affects the firm＇s entering the international markets significantly. The weaker firm＇s financing constraints are, the more firm＇s export is. Being consistent with Chinese factor endowment and comparative advantage, our results show that the higher firm＇s capital intensity is, the lower firm＇s export probability and export intensity are. On the contrary, the higher firm＇s labor intensity is, the higher firm＇s export probability and export intensity are. Labor force cost is still the important resource that Chinese firms obtain the export competitiveness, especially the private - owned enterprises and small and medium - sized enterprises. As the labor force cost is rising, it has important significance for expanding Chinese export and increasing the Chinese firm＇s export competitiveness, by reducing or eliminating the credit discrimination to the private - owned enterprises, enhancing the financial ability of small and medium - sized enterprises, and improving the productivity of the private - owned enterprises and the small and mediumsized enterprises.