隋以前中国造像及其文化发展初探

Primary Study on Chinese Statue and Its Cultural Development before Sui Dynasty

几千年的中华文明,形成了具有不同历史特征和文化风格的造像体系。上古造像集巫、礼、俗于一体,表达对自然和鬼神的崇拜敬畏;周公制礼后,社会秩序渐趋稳定,造像中礼制因素凸显;春秋战国承西周之制,造像更为自然生动;秦汉时期,大一统帝制初建,儒家一尊地位确立,人民生活安康,与之对应,造像则表现为恢弘雄壮,儒家礼制,飞升求仙等;魏晋南北朝,由印度传来的佛教及造像渐兴,佛教造像通过与本土文化碰撞融合而实现中国化,其规整的造像体系,深刻的思想内涵,鲜明的宗教特点得以不断完善发展。至此,中国造像所有类型、典型特征和影响因素皆已齐备,体系架构基本完成。本文冀图通过研究先秦至魏晋南北朝中国造像及其文化发展,探索内在的文化特点和历史规律,以发现社会思想的变迁与造像发展的交互影响关系。

The Statue in ancient China combined the witchcraft with the etiquette and the custom to embody people＇s worship and awe towards the nature and spirits. After Zhou Gong making the etiquette the social order became steady, so that the factor of etiquette was embodied in the statue. The Spring and Autumn inherited the etiquette of the Western Zhou Dynasty and its statue became more natural and vivid. In Qin and Han Dynasties, the unified monarchy began to take shape and the Confucianism established its status as the only honored etiquette, and people at that time lived a happy life. The statue corresponding to that time was grand and majestic with the Confucian etiquette and the wish to be immortal. In Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Buddhism was introduced from India and its statue began to spread and increasingly thrived, and the Buddhist statue realized its sinicization through the shock and fusion with Chinese local culture, and constantly developed and perfected its well-shaped statue system, deep thoughts and Distinctive religious characteristics. So far Chinese statue had owned its typical characteristics and types as well as the influencing factors and basically complete its system architecture. This thesis tries to study Chinese statue and its cultural development from the pre-Qin period to Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, and explore the inner cultural characteristics and historical attribute in order to find out the interactive relationship between the change of social thoughts and the development of the statue.