夷陵之战后统一形势的扭转——蜀汉与孙吴各自战略规划的破灭

On the Turn of Unification Situation after Historic Yiling Battle—— The Fall of Respective Strategic Plans of Shu-Han Kingdom and Sun-Wu Kingdom

汉献帝建安五年(200),鲁肃为孙权提出"竟长江所极,据而有之"的战略规划,之后,甘宁、周瑜、吕蒙都谈到类似的规划,这一规划中,孙吴的军事部署应横贯长江。诸葛亮在《隆中对》中谈到的战略规划是"跨有荆、益"、两路出击,是以襄阳为中心的。蜀汉章武二年(222),夷陵之战刘备战败,收复荆州失地之战以失败告终,蜀、吴对峙中心由荆州西移至永安,蜀汉镇守江北的将领黄权降魏。此前,魏文帝黄初元年(220),蜀将孟达、申耽、申仪降魏,曹魏设新城郡治房陵、上庸、魏兴三郡。孙吴"竟长江所极"的战略规划与蜀汉"跨有荆、益"的战略规划至此破灭,双方丧失了统一北方的可能性,结束三国鼎立,统一全国的任务只能由北方曹魏、西晋司马氏来完成。

In the fifth year of Jian＇an Period, Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty （ A. D. 200）, Lu Su proposed to his king, Sun Quan, the strategic plan of ＂possessing the Yangtze River area by its natural chasm＂. Afterwzrds, generals Gan Ning, Zhou Yu, and Lu Meng referred to their plans similar to this one. In this plan, the military deployment of Sun-Wu Kingdom should be along the Yangtze River bank. On another side, in the ＂Longzhong Strategy＂ offered to King Liu Bei by Zhuge Liang, the strategic plan was that, taking Xiangyang as the center, they could attack the enemy from two directions through Jing and Yi. In the second year of Zhangwu Period, Shu-Han Kingdom, King Liu Bei suffered a defeat in Yiling battle, thus the endeavor of recapturing Jingzhou ended in failure. After General Huang Quan surrendered to Wei Kingdom, the confrontation center between Shu and Wu kingdoms then moved from Jingzhou to Yong＇an. Previously, in the first year of Huangchu Period, Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty （A. D. 220）, generals Meng Da, Shen Dan, and Shen Yi of Shu-Han Kingdom surrendered to Wei Kingdom. Cao-Wei Kingdom then established a new city to manage Fangling, Shangyong and Weixing counties, which marked the fall of their strategic plans by Shu-Han and Sun-Wu. They both lost the possibility of unifying north China, and the situation of confrontation by three kingdoms thus ended. At the time, the unification endeavor of the whole country could only be made by Cao-Wei Kingdom ruled by Sima Family from