美国华人认同的历史演变

The Historical Evolution of Chinese-American Identity

一百多年来,美国华人认同大致经历了四个发展阶段。早期美国华侨受到美国政府的排斥和中国政府的敌视,其认同主要指向侨乡;20世纪前期,由于中国政治局势的影响以及中国政府积极侨务政策的实施,美国华侨民族主义开始兴起并不断高涨;"二战"期间美国废除排华法并在此后颁布宽松的移民政策,50年代中国放弃双重国籍政策并鼓励华侨效忠当地,冷战时期中美两国的对抗,使这一时期美国华侨的认同多指向美国当地。1965年特别是中国改革开放以来,中关关系的缓和、两国积极移民政策的颁布和实施,美国华人社会结构的重大变化,使美国华人的跨国认同得到不断发展。

For more than 100 years,Chinese-American identity has gone mainly through four stages of development.Because of the exclusion of the United States and the hostility from Chinese government,the early Chinese immigrants in the United States chiefly identified to their homeland in China.In the early twentieth Century,because of the influences of Chinese political situation,and Chinese government's implementation of the policy on overseas Chinese affairs,overseas Chinese.nationalism began to rise,and continuously swelled.During the Second World War,the United States abolished Chinese Exclusion Act and the promulgation of liberal immigration policy,and China abandoned the dual nationality policy in the1950's to encourage overseas Chinese to be loyal to the local.Besides,China and the United States confronted each other during the cold war,so the American Chinese mainly identified to the United States in this period.In 1965,especially after China～ reform and opening up,the relaxation of Sino-US relations,the active immigration promulgation and implementation of new policies of two countries,and great changes in American Chinese social structure make Chinese-American experience more transnational identity.