1Parts of This Article have Been Taken From my Doc-toral Thesis,The Qing Invention of Nature:Environment and Identity in Northeast China and Mongolia,1750-1850,Harvard University,2012.
2Since 1805,The Sable Tribute for all Urianghai groups-Tannu,Ahai,and Ahan Noor-had been set at 4144 sable pelts.If not enough sables could be procured,the Urianghai could substitute other animals in their place:ot-ter,lynx,and leopard were equal to 3 sables;2 foxes,corsac foxes,wolves,or stone martens were equal to 1 sable,and(at the bottom)40 squirrels equaled a sable.
7The following discussion is based on the Han-i araha Manju Monggo gisun-i buleku bithe/Qa yan-u bi-cigsen manju mongyol ilgen-ti toil bicig(1708),1:gurgu i hacin 2-4.
8For a description of the text,see M.P.Volkova,Opisanie Man'chzhurskikh khisolografov Insituta vostokove-deniia AN SSSR(Moskow:Nauka,1988,p.103).
9Tulien,Lakcaha jecen de takrlraha babe ejehe bithe,23.
10Antonia Finnane,Barbarian and Chinese:Dress as Difference in Chinese Art,Humanities Australia 2010,1,pp.33-43.
