城乡二元结构转换过程中劳动收入占比演变——兼论中国劳动收入占比下降的成因

The Evolution of Labor Income Share in the Process of Urban-rural Dual Conversion

基于新兴古典经济学模型的微观框架,本文在二元经济结构背景下以农村劳动力向城市转移作为切入点,研究城乡二元转换过程中劳动收入占比演变规律。一方面,当市场化改革推动产品和劳动市场交易效率达到足够高时,农村劳动力有动力转变为"全职工人",而在劳动市场"谈判能力"方面具有绝对优势的厂商却有动力只招聘"兼业工人",并维持农村剩余劳动力的存在来巩固自己的优势地位;另一方面,劳动收入占比随着市场化改革中产品和劳动市场交易效率的提高而下降。上述两方面共同促成了中国劳动收入占比的下降。对此,提高农村劳动力在劳动市场上的"谈判能力",转变分工结构,以实现农村剩余劳动力和"兼业工人"向"专业农民"和"全职工人"转变,能够减弱在市场化程度较高时进一步的市场化改革对劳动收入占比的负面效应,提高劳动收入占比水平。

Based on the micro - framework of the new classical economics, we use the migration of suburbanites to the urban setting on the background of China＇ s dual economic structure as the entry point to study labor income share dynamics. On the one hand, when transaction efficiency in the product and labor markets is highly promoted by the market - oriented reforms, the rural laborer has incentive to become a full -time worker, while the firm which has an absolute advantage of bargaining power in the labor market prefers to recruit part -time workers and chooses to maintain the existence of surplus rural labor force to consolidate its dominant position; on the other hand, the labor income share decreases with the increase of transaction efficiency in product and labor markets. The above two points contribute together to the decline of labor income share in China. Therefore, improving bargaining power of the rural labor force and changing division structure in the labor market help to realize the shift from surplus rural labor force and part -time workers to professional farmers and full -time workers, which can not only weaken the negative effects of further market -oriented reforms on labor income share but also actually increase the labor income share.