“职业代表制”与民国政治史述论——以中国国民党的理论与实践为中心

Professional Representation and the Republic of China:Based on the Theory and Practice of Kuomintang

晚清民国,中国政治生态从传统向现代转型,突出表现为从"地域观念"向"职业观念"的转变。传统士、农、工、商四民社会解体,新的城市职业群体和集团力量涌现,基于地域因素选举产生的议会制度难以应对并进行吸纳。欧洲大战之后,受西方改造代议制思潮的影响,"职业代表制"成为中国各派政治力量改造北洋政府腐败政治的重要手段。在建国问题上,孙中山始终坚持"革命程序论",在其生命的最后阶段,他又提出"以职业团体为基础召开国民会议"的主张。那么,如何看待孙中山的"革命程序论"中关于宪政阶段国民大会由地域代表制产生之方式与基于职业代表制的组成国民会议原则之间的矛盾冲突,不仅成为孙中山死后国民党各派系斗争的政治遗产,也牵动20世纪三四十年代中国政治之大局。南京国民政府时期,"国民会议"与"革命程序论"作为孙中山遗教而被贯彻落实,"职业代表制"亦写入相关法律文件,进入实践阶段。但是,职业代表制的运作成效如何,是否存在操控、收买?抑或该制度在中国尚缺乏适宜之土壤?从根本上说,即使在世界范围内也看不出其与工业化和民主化之间存在着正向递进的变量关系。

China＇s political ecology was transformed from the traditional to a modern one during the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, which can be seen obviously in the transition about the concept of people varying from regional to occupational. The traditional four-class society in which people were grouped into scholar, farmer, artisan and merchant began to disintegrate and the new urban occupational group and group powers emerged. And the parliamentarism based on regional factors was difficult to deal with this situation and absorb these new groups. Affected by the trend of reforming the representative system after the first World War in the western society, occupation representative system was regarded as important means to reform the political corruption under the regime of the Northern warlords at that time. On the subject of nation-building, Sun Yat-sen had always adhered to his Revolution Process Theory, while he suggested in the last stage of his life that the National Convention should be held on the basis of occupational groups. So, how to read the contradiction between the regional representative which was issued by the Revolution Process Theory and the occupational groups of the National Convention is a significant issue so that it not only became political legacy which sects of the Nationalist Party struggled for, but also affected the overall situation of China＇s politics in 1930s and 1940s. During the time of Nanjing National Government, the ＂National Convention＂ and the Revolution Process Theory were taken to act as the Instruction of Sun Yat-sen. And occupational representative system was also written into the relevant legal documents, and taken to practice at the same time. But there was a huge controversy on occupational representative system at that time, such as ＂did it work effectively？＂, ＂was there manipulation or bribery？＂, or ＂was there environment in place for this system？＂ Moreover, it seems that there is not any multiplier effect between occupational representative system and industrialization and democratization from a worldwide view.