中国典籍流播越南的方式及对阮朝文化的影响

The Exchange of Books between China and Vietnam and its influence on Culture in Nguyen Dynasty

中国典籍传播越南主要通过包括使节在内的官派人员来完成,中越之间商业性质的书籍贸易并不发达。这一点与汉籍流播朝鲜的状况相近而与中日之间的书籍传播状态不同。原因是:一、中越之间的定期朝贡制度带有贸易的性质,其便利性压制了普通商业贸易;二、中越贸易中心在两广地区,离清代的书籍集散地长江中下游地区较远,这推高了书籍的成本。越南重印中国典籍的情况并不普遍,这种以包括使节购买在内的官买为主的书籍输入方式造成越南的汉籍数量相对较少,汉籍在越南各阶层的分布极不均衡,朝廷或王族获得的汉籍最多,使节其次,普通士人获得汉籍相当困难。这一情形影响到越南士人的文学水平,促使阮氏朝廷屡次颁布官书。

For the most part, it was official agents and diplomatic envoys who brought Chinese books into Vietnam during the Nguyen dynasty. The commercial trade in books was not prosperous, as was the case with Sino-Korean trade, but different from that of the Sino-Japanese exchange. The lack of trade in books was due to two factors. First, the fact that the trade was connected to the systematic tribute to China suppressed the enthusiasm of independent merchants. Second, the commercial cost was too high because the source of imports from China was Guangdong, which was far from the center of book production and trade--the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Because reprinting Chinese book in Vietnam was not common practice, the dependence on government procurement and envoys purchases produced two results： there were less books in Vietnam in comparison with Korea and Japan, and a seriously uneven distribution of the books, the royal family received the most books, followed by the diplomats, but the ordinary people had little chance to get books. The lack of books influenced literacy level of Vietnamese scholars and promoted Vietnamese government to distribute books to common students and scholars.