清代驻防旗人的生活与认同——以福州洋屿赖氏为中心

The Life and Identity of Garrisoned Hanjun Bannermen in the Qing Dynasty:The Case of the Lai Clan in Fuzhou Yangyu

八旗制度之运作与旗人认同之变迁,是清史研究的热点问题,以往的研究较少使用民间历史文献,也较少从普通旗人的角度"自下而上"地思考此类重大问题。本文以一份普通的驻防汉军家谱——《福州洋屿颍川赖氏家谱》和其他相关文献为主要资料,较完整地呈现了清代驻防汉军的生活与认同之变迁。赖氏家族自康熙间驻防福州以来,经历了雍正间分防三江口,乾隆间部分"奉命出旗",清末出现家族整体转型的历程,清晰地展现了汉军旗人从清初驻防地方,到清中叶面临"出旗"压力和生计困境,再到清末建构家族组织和实现地方化的转变。福州赖氏由"旗人"到"族人"的转型,很大程度上代表了普通汉军乃至部分满洲旗人的共同经历。

The operation of Eight Banners system and the transformation of Bannermen＇s identity are the hot issues in Qing＇s studies. The previous studies used less folk historical literature, but also researched these major problems less from the perspective of ordinary Bannermen. Based on an ordinary garrisoned Hanjun Bannermen genealogy, ＂ Lai＇s Genealogy,＂ and other relevant documents, this essays reveals more completely the life of garrisoned Hanjun Bannermen and the transformation of their identity. The Lai family was garrisoned in Fuzhou in the Kangxi period, and moved to Sanjiangkou in the Yongzheng period. In Qianlong period, a part of the Lai family were demobilized. In the late Qing, the Lai family was transformed. The history of the Lai family demonstrated clearly the change of garrisoned Han Bannermen over time. In the early Qing the Han Bannermen were garrisoned in various places. By the mid-Qing they faced the pressure of demobilization and livelihood difficulties. In the late Qing they started to construct clan organizations and became part of their locales. The transformation of the Lai family from ＂ Bannermen＂ to ＂ clansmen＂ in Fuzhou largely represented the common experience of ordinary Hanjun Bannermen and even some of the Manchu Bannermen.