徐州西汉墓中的陪葬与女尊男卑现象分析

Western Han Tombs in Xuzhou: Accompanying Burials and Superiority of Female Occupants

本文针对徐州苏山头汉墓中出现的陪葬与女尊男卑现象,结合徐州地区已有的考古资料展开讨论,认为该地区西汉时期的陪葬现象多存在于大、中型墓葬中,其墓主在生前或为拥有显赫社会地位的刘姓宗族,或为列侯高官;而陪葬者当属妾或奴仆等与墓主人关系较为密切的人。从性别上看,陪葬者男性、女性都有。从时代上看,主要集中在西汉早、中期。西汉时期,男尊女卑是社会主流,而在徐州地区西汉墓葬中出现了不少的女尊男卑现象,这正是其地域特点的体现。徐州作为楚国的政治中心,聚集了众多的刘姓贵族。因为楚国刘姓势力的强盛,刘姓宗室女的地位相对较为显赫。徐州地区西汉墓葬中出现的女尊男卑现象,应与刘氏宗室女的下嫁相关,是特殊女性政治地位或自身身份的体现。

This paper begins with accompanying burials and the superiority of female tomb occupants, two phenomena common to Han dynasty tombs excavated at Sushantou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu province. By referring to local archaeological materials and documents, the author believes that during the early-to-mid Western Han, large-and medium-sized tombs of members of the royal Liu family or high officials usually had accompanying burials. Those who were buried alive to accompany the deceased were possibly concubines or male or female servants of the tomb owner, who had a lower social status. Contrary to the fact that men had higher social status than women during the Western Han, in contemporaneous tombs discovered in Xuzhou, female occupants enjoy higher status than their male counterparts. As the political centre of the Chu state during the Western Han, Xuzhou was home to nobilities of the powerful royal Liu family, of which the female descendants were enjoying high political status. Those female tomb occupants of higher status may have been members of the Liu family who were married to males of a lower social status.