中晚唐幽州地域禅宗考述

Chan Buddhism in Youzhou during Mid-to-Late Tang Dynasty

本文根据敦煌文书与晚唐五代、辽代的石刻材料,以及后出的僧传和禅宗灯史,全面考察了中晚唐幽州地域禅宗的发展轨迹及其与当地社会的关系。通过考察揭示出:安史之乱后,幽州地域的云居寺流行北宗禅。幽州地区的盘山系北方重要的禅宗基地,有著名禅僧在此活动。尽管后出的禅宗典籍将它描绘为马祖道的天下,但较早的石刻和敦煌文书所描述的盘山佛教却不是这幅景象。显然,中唐时期马祖道已经渗入盘山的说法是被后出的禅籍建构出来的。敦煌文书与晚唐五代、辽代的石刻材料在叙述中侧重人物生平事迹、时间、地理空间,与当地世俗社会和历史背景紧密相连,重在写实。而后来传世的禅籍却意在突出马祖禅的观念、修行及传导方式,编造一套看似清晰的师承谱系,凸显马祖一系特有的语言系统,在表述中虚实相间。

This article fully investigates the development of Chan Buddhism in Youzhou during the mid-to-late Tang dynasty and its relations with local society, based on Dunhuang manuscripts, stone inscriptions of the late Tang, the Five Dynasties and the Liao dynasty, biographies of eminent Buddhist monks and transmission history of Chan. After An Lushan and Shi Siming＇s rebellion, northern Chan prevailed at Yunju Temple in Youzhou. Mount Pan was one of the important centres of Chan in north China and had attracted eminent Chan monks. Later Chan sutras record Mount Pan as a base of the Mazudao, showing great difference from earlier records on stones and in Dunhuang manuscripts. Obviously, Mazudao being spread to Mount Pan in the mid Tang was fabricated in later Chan documents. Dunhuang manuscripts and stone inscriptions of the late Tang, Five Dynasties and Liao give special emphasis on documenting personal life, time and geography and have close connections with local secular society and historical context. However, later Chan sutras show intentions of creating a seemingly clear transmission line of the Mazudao and emphasizing a language that is peculiar to the Mazudao.