惠特曼的反律法主义与佛教的反律法主义（英文）

Whitmanian Antinomianism and Buddhist Antinomianism

现代文学常常反映宗教上的反律法主义。所谓"反律法主义",是指围绕外在于社会认可的法律范围的某一宗教领域的基本公设而形成的一套思想和行为。基督教的反律法主义可以视为保罗所提出的"因信称义"这一观点的结果,同时在一个更抽象的层面上,也涉及到二元对分的断裂或颠倒。惠特曼的诗歌表达了对宇宙万物预言性的认同,在试图囊括和认同善恶事物之中蕴含着一种危机四伏的冲动,碰触到了合理区分之秩序的局限。佛教则偶尔展现其独特的反律法主义形式,即消解二元对立:幻觉与觉醒之间的对立是佛教教义的一个先决条件,却常常在某种语境之中显得虚幻,而真正的觉醒则有可能成为对幻觉与觉醒对立的一种抛弃、或是将两者统一起来的直觉。在日本的惠特曼接受史中,不乏佛教的反律法主义形式介入的实例,松浦肇即是如此。如果说惠特曼与佛教在某一点上有契合,那就是诗人最基本的世界观:在一个本可以匡扶正义的神消失之后,面对世界的邪恶和苦难,一个基本的逻辑催发了一种强劲的思想,即一切存在的"法"或"自然"都必须行义和救赎,从而使保罗的"因信称义"转变为了"因自然而义"。

In modem literature we sometimes encounter literary manifestations of religious ＂antinomianism,＂ i.e. a set of ideas and behaviors opened around the postulation of some religious sphere outside or beyond the socially ratified realm of law （＂nomos＂）. In Christianity it can be seen as one consequence of Paul＇s invention of the idea of ＂Justification by Faith.＂ It also involves, on a more abstract plane, the disruption or reversal of dualistic distinctions. Walt Whitman＇s poetry, with its visionary affirmation of everything in the universe, involves the crisis- ridden impulse to catalog and affirm things and events good and evil, and touches on the limit of the order of reasonable distinction.Buddhism sometimes exhibits its own form of antinomianism, the dissolution of dualistic oppositions： the very opposition between illusion and dis-illusion, which is the precondition for its teaching, in some context could look illusory; then the true dis- illusion would be its abandonment and the intuition of the identity of the two. In the history of Japanese reception of Whitman, there have been some instances, notably the case of Matuura Hajime, where the Buddhist form of antinomianism intervened.And if some similarity is found between an aspect of Whitman and a certain strain within Buddhism, it should be understood with regard to the poet＇s basic worldview. In the face of the world＇s evil and misery, after the disappearance of a God that might positively right wrongs, a certain logic induced a momentum of thought where the ＂laws＂ or ＂natures＂ of beings are necessitated to do the work of justification and salvation： Pauline＇s＂Justification by Faith＂ turned into ＂Justification by Nature.＂