锂离子电池基础科学问题(Ⅸ)——非水液体电解质材料

Fundamental scientific aspects of lithium ion batteries(Ⅸ)——Nonaqueous electrolyte materials

电解质是锂离子电池的重要组成部分,它起着在正负极之间传输Li+的作用。因此,电解质的研究与开发对锂离子电池来说至关重要,然而综合性能优异、满足不同应用的电解液并不容易开发。本文简介了非水液体电解质的发展历史和基本性质,然后分别从锂盐、溶剂和添加剂方面进行论述,最后介绍了离子液体、凝胶聚合物电解质和高电压电解质,认为未来锂离子电池电解质要解决的问题有:电解液和电池的安全性、提高电解质的工作电压、拓宽其工作温度范围、延长电池寿命和降低成本。

The electrolyte is a very important component in lithium ion batteries. Practically, it is quite difficult to find an optimized electrolyte composition to satisfy different requirements for various applications. In this article, the nonaqueous electrolytes, including history, basic properties, solvents, lithium salts, additives, ionic liquids, gel polymer electrolytes and high voltage electrolytes are summarized briefly. Several problems needs to be solved in the future： Improving the safety of the electrolyte, extending voltage range and temperature ranges, prolonging the cycle life and service life, lowering the cost.