云南省元阳哈尼族梯田水文化:传统与变迁

Tradition and Evolution of the Water Culture of the Terraced Fields of Yuanyang,Yunnan

水文化是一个民族在生产生活过程中对环境的认知和调适而形成的一种社会文化现象,通常包括对水环境的认知、水利技术和水资源管理三个方面。以云南省元阳哈尼梯田为研究区域,在水文化三元结构内容的基础上,分析元阳哈尼梯田水文化中森林资源分区管理、水神祭祀活动、护林员制度、冲肥入田法、沟渠系统、沟长制、分水制和偷水惩罚制8项内容的传统和变迁过程,哈尼族梯田水文化传统及其社会、经济基础已发生了重大变化,哈尼梯田水文化的保护和开发面临经济发展和生产、生活方式现代化转型的压力。

The water culture refers to the social, cultural phenomenon created in the life and production of a people as they gradually get to know and constantly adapt to the surroundings. It usually includes three aspects ： knowledge of the water environment, water conservancy technology and water resources management. This paper is a presentation of a study on an area of terraced fields located in Yuanyang, Yunnan Province. Based on its trio - structure content, tradition and evolution in 8 aspects of the water culture have been analyzed, i.e. 1 ） district management of forest resources ; 2） rituals ; 3 ） the ranger system ; 4） the fertilizer management system ; 5 ） the irrigation system ; 6） the management mechanism for canals and ditches; 7） the water distribution mechanism; and 8） penalties for water theft. Results of the study show that both the tradition and the social - economic basis of the water culture of the terraced fields have under- gone great changes, so the authors argue that it is important that the water culture of Yuanyang terraced fields, currently under pressure from economic development and changes in life and production, be protected and reconstructed.