覆盖对土壤温度及甘蓝型油菜丰油10号抗寒性和产量的影响

Effect of covering on soil temperature and cold resistance and yield of rapeseed( Brassica napus L. ) Fengyou 10

为了解低温冻害对我国黄淮油菜产区油菜产量的影响,以甘蓝型油菜丰油10号为材料,于2009-2012年间进行3年覆盖处理田间试验,测定不同覆盖物及覆盖时期对各小区不同土层的温度、冻害程度、经济性状、产量和品质影响。结果表明,覆盖处理可有效调节土壤温度,降低冻害指数,显著提高油菜越冬存活率。覆盖稻草的两个处理冻害指数均显著低于对照,覆盖处理有显著的增产效果,增产幅度在1.55%~58.28%,且以冬前对油菜进行覆盖处理的增产效果较好。这主要是得益于单株有效结角数和千粒重的显著提高,各覆盖处理单株有效结角数比对照增加4.48%~20.39%,千粒重比对照增加29.97%~41.11%。因此认为,黄淮油菜产区稻草覆盖和培土壅根均能保温、防寒,有利于油菜增产,相关措施宜在冬前进行。

To understand the effect of covering on soil temperature,rapeseed cold resistance and yield in Huang- Huai Area,Brassica napus L. cv Fengyou 10 was used in field experiments during 2009 and 2012. Two coverings as straw cover on surface and soil cover on root crown were designed before and after winter. Temperature at different soil layers,cold damage level,economic traits,yield and quality were investigated with no covering as control. Results showed that straw cover before winter significantly improved the soil temperature and reduced the freezing index,and consequently improved survival rate. Freezing index under both straw- covering treatments were significantly lower than control,and yields were significantly higher（ with 1. 55% to 58. 28% increase） than control,especially with the covering applied before winter. The yield increase was due to significant increase of effective pods number and thousand- seed weight. Their increases were 4. 48% to 20. 39%,and 29. 97% to 41. 11% respectively. No significant change of seed quality was found. This study proved that covering both with straw and soil could benefit the rapeseed yield and cold resistance in Huang- Huai Area,especially before winter.