芝麻种植机械调研及农机农艺配套技术研究

Sesame mechanical planting techniques based on combination of agricultural machinery and agronomy

针对芝麻机械种植存在的技术难点,基于农机与农艺相结合的理念,开展我国芝麻机械种植信息收集,并引进、筛选和改制了适于芝麻种植的中小型实用机械设备7台（套）,提出了芝麻生产机械化关键技术。机械种植试验结果表明：芝麻机播适宜行距为33.3~40cm,适宜播种量为0.3kg/666.7m2;播后苗前适宜除草剂为99%乙草胺;秸秆还田免耕机播基施复合肥25kg/666.7m2＋追施尿素5kg/666.7m2处理的产量最高,达151.0 kg/666.7m2,比秸秆不还田处理增产16.25%;化学间定苗虽与人工间定苗处理产量相近,但比人工间定苗节省劳动力成本100元/666.7m2以上,并能有效控制苗期杂草和苗荒。2009-2012年,开展了9点次芝麻机械种植高产示范,平均产量116.3kg/666.7m2,比非示范区增产34.2%。

According to the technical difficulties of sesame mechanical planting,based on the idea of the combination of agricultural machinery and agronomy,the information collection of sesame mechanical planting was carried out in China. 7 sets of medium and small- sized practical mechanical equipment suitable for sesame planting were introduced,selected and reformed,and key technologies of sesame production mechanization were proposed. Results of mechanical planting showed that suitable row spacing of sesame machine sowing was 33. 3- 40. 0cm,appropriate seeding rate was 0. 3kg /666. 7m2. The practical herbicide was 99% acetochlor before seedling after sowing. The highest yield was 151. 0kg /666. 7m2,which occurred in the treatment of no- tillage,machine sowing and base application of compound fertilizer 25kg /666. 7m2and topdressing urea 5kg /666. 7m2. The yield increased 16. 25% with exempting tillage,machine sowing and straw returning treatment,compared with no- straw returning treatment. The yield of chemical thinning and singling was close to the artificial thinning and singling,but the chemical thinning and final singling could save the labor cost more than 100yuan /666. 7m2and could effectively control the weeds at seedling and seedling shortage. Nine times sesame mechanical planting and high- yield demonstration were carried out between 2009 and 2012. The average yield was 116. 3kg /666. 7m2and increased by 34. 2% compared with the non- demonstration areas.