马克思正义理论的四重辩护

A Fourfold Justification of Marx's Theory of Justice

马克思关于正义问题的讨论通过批判"国民经济学"完成,其立论前提是消灭私有制,这由他的理论任务所规定。不是用公平、正义的政治法律概念解释分配关系,而是用生产关系来解释分配关系,用生产劳动解释生产关系,这是马克思正义理论的基本逻辑。只有从对国民经济学的批判出发,才最能切中应得正义论的要害和现代正义问题的实质。自由主义等当代西方政治哲学的正义概念是一个低阶概念,而马克思的正义概念则是一个含义更广的高阶概念。马克思的高阶正义概念从"人类社会或社会化的人类"出发,以"自由人"之间有机的社会合作为基础,刻画出人类社会可能具有的最高正义原则。这一原则是先前人类历史中出现过的各类正义原则在逻辑上和在历史上自我扬弃的结果。在当代中国正义理论的建构过程中,马克思主义不可能仅仅充当批判者的角色,而是担负着为现实生活提供规范的理论责任。

Marx's discussion of the question of justice takes place in his critique of'national economics.'It assumes the elimination of private ownership,as determined by his theoretical task.Rather than interpreting the relations of distribution using political and legal ideas of fairness and justice,he interprets them from the perspective of the relations of production and then interprets the latter from the perspective of labor.That is the basic logic underlying Marx's theory of justice.Only by starting with a critique of national economics could he come straight to the point of entitlement theories of justice and the essence of the modern question of justice.The idea of justice in contemporary Western political philosophies such as liberalism is a lower stage concept;in contrast,Marx's concept of justice is a higher level concept with broader implica-tions.Starting from'human society or social humanity, 'Marx's high-level concept of justice is based on organic social cooperation between'free men' and depicts the highest principle of justice that human society can attain to.This principle is the result of logical and historical self-sublation of various principles of justice in human history.In the construction of theory of justice in contemporary China,Marxism cannot merely play the role of a critic;rather,it shoulders the theoretical responsibility of providing norms for the real world.