气候变化损失与危害的内涵与应对机制

Connotation and Coping Mechanisms on Loss and Damage of Climate Change

当前全球减缓与适应的努力无法有效应对气候变化的不利影响,巨大的气候变化损失与危害需要直接的解决方案。2012年《联合国气候变化框架公约》(简称《公约》)多哈会议期间,应对气候变化不利影响的损失与危害问题突然升温,成为影响大会能否成功的关键议题之一。本文通过对气候变化损失与危害的定义和内涵的探讨,将损失与危害归纳为人类通过减缓或适应未能避免的气候变化的不利影响,并与影响、脆弱性和风险等相关概念进行辨析,提出较完整的损失与危害的概念模型,认识到应对气候变化损失与危害是对减缓与适应的有效补充。系统阐述国际上基于政治、法律和市场的损失与危害的应对机制,初步展示了损失与危害机制的可能形式,包括:小岛国联盟在《公约》下提出的"应对损失与危害的多窗口机制",主要包括保险、恢复与赔偿、风险管理,由发达国家根据国民生产总值(GNP)和温室气的排放量提供资金支持;慕尼黑保险公司提出的"慕尼黑气候保险计划",主要包括预防和保险,实施慕尼黑气候保险计划预计需要每年投入约100亿美元购买保险服务;遭受气候变化损失与危害的国家通过国际诉讼向气候变化的责任方提出赔偿要求也是一种潜在的应对机制,其原理基础是国际惯例法的重要通行原则——"无害原则",但具体实施受国际法院强制管辖权的有限性和国际诉讼高风险的制约。最后,提出损失与危害可能的学术研究方向,为构建气候变化损失与危害国际与国内应对机制及开展相关研究提供参考。

The global efforts on mitigation and adaptation cannot effectively address adverse impacts on climate change. The huge loss and damage related to climate change needs a direct solution. During the COP18 of UNFCCC, the loss and damage related to climate change suddenly became warming and one of key issues for the success of the COP. This paper discussed the definition and connotation of loss and damage and propose a relatively complete conceptual model of loss and damage. We also discussed the international coping mechanisms of loss and damage based on politics, laws and market and showed the possible mechanisms, including： ＇ Multi-Window Mechanism＇ to address loss and damage under the convention proposed by AOSIS, mainly included insurance, rehabilitation/ compensatory and risk management, with financial support from developed countries according to GNP and GHG emission; ＇ Munich Insurance Initiative＇ proposed by Munich Insurance Company mainly included prevention and insurance, which would cost US $10 billion per year for insurance service ; international litigation was another option for countries with damage in the context the ＇ no harm rule＇ of customary international law, but it also faced some constraints such as limited compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court or elevated risk of across jurisdictions. Lastly, we put forward some possible academic research directions on loss and damage related to climate change.