国外公众参与旅游目的地公共事务研究综述

A Review of Public Participation in the Public Affairs of Tourism Destinations in Foreign Countries

公众参与在20世纪80年代就已经成为国外旅游研究的主题。但迄今国外尚未对公众参与旅游目的地公共事务进行整体性研究,已有研究主要是针对旅游目的地规划、政策制定、营销等的专题性研究。文章对涉及公众参与旅游目的地公共事务主题的国外英文文献,从文献概况、理论基础、研究内容、研究述评等角度进行了综述。在此基础上,文章提出该领域未来研究要关注公众参与旅游目的地公共事务概念与内涵的界定,完善其理论体系;其整体机制的构建,即整体层面构建涵盖参与主体、参与客体、参与层次与方式、参与过程及其结果等要素的公众参与实现机制;拓展研究领域,把需要公众参与的其他旅游公共事务纳入研究之中;建立针对具体公众参与技术的实践操作指南,并探索我国公众参与旅游目的地公共事务的具体路径。

Public participation has long been a topic of research on tourism in countries outside China. However,almost no research has been carried out on public participation in the public affairs of destinations from a holistic perspective. Most research has instead concentrated on particular types of public participation within a destination's public affairs,such as in the planning domain. This paper reviews the contributions of 133 studies that relate to the topic of public participation in destination public affairs. First,we investigate the general characteristics of these studies. This research shows that public participation was first introduced as a tourism research topic in the 1980s,that most research has been carried out in European and North American countries,and that most of the studies can be characterized as applied research,with only 26 being theoretical in nature. Second,we analyze the theoretical basis of all the papers and find that stakeholder theory,collaboration theory,new public administration theory,modern democratic theory,governance theory,and social capital theory have been the main theoretical constructs used within reported research. Third,we analyze the actual research content of these papers from seven aspects. The first being analyses of the conception and connotation of public participation in the public affairs of destinations. For this aspect,foreign researchers differentiate between community participation, local participation, aboriginal participation, resident participation, citizen participation, stakeholder participation and public participation. The second aspect analyzes the values underlying public participation in the public affairs of destinations. International studies put forward the idea that effective public participation can not only realize the potential value of government and public input in the development and management of destinations,but can also contribute to the sustainable development of each destination. The third aspect covers public participation in decision making at a destination. For this, we analyzed nine participative and collaborative decision making cases found in foreign research. The fourth aspect is public participation in tourism planning,which is one of the earliest and most in-depth fields of analysis in terms of research on public participation in the public affairs of destinations. International studies have researched the levels,ways,processes and influencing factors of public participation and how to define participants. The fifth aspect is public participation in destination marketing. In regard to this, international research shows that as a result of the complexity of destination products and resource interdependence between stakeholders,destination marketing should be collaborative. At the same time, destination branding as an integrated campaign also requires public participation. The sixth aspect is public participation in tourism infrastructure management in a destination,and our review shows that international research considers present levels of public participation in tourism infrastructure management to be inadequate. The seventh aspect concerns public participation in other areas of tourism development in communities,such as tourism events,tourism public projects,tourism research and tourism voluntary action,and our review shows that this is not universal. In conclusion,our study suggests that future research should pay attention to the following matter's if defining public participation in the public affairs of destinations and perfecting a theoretical system are the main objectives: the need to set up a mechanism that includes participation subjects,objects,levels, processes and evaluation; the need to expand research domains to cover more public affairs that require public participation; and the need to construct guidelines for actual participation and explore appropriate paths for China.