开放经济下单边碳减排措施加剧全球碳排放吗——对碳泄漏问题的一个综述

Do the Unilateral Carbon Reduction Measures Contribute to the Global Carbon Emissions in Open Economy?:A Review of Carbon Leakage

污染避难所假说和要素禀赋假说是碳泄露争议最具代表性的假说。目前单边碳减排措施引致的碳泄露率集中在5％-20％。碳泄露的三个产生途径显示：碳泄露不仅从发达国家流向发展中国家，而且也发生在附件1国家之间。影响碳泄露率的因素很多，但商品国际市场整合程度、进口商品与本国商品的替代程度、化石能源供给弹性、不同行业技术的替代难易程度、碳减排技术、市场机制是影响碳泄露程度的重要因素。目前来看．解决碳泄露的市场手段是边境调节税或者在世界范围内形成碳价格。

The most representative hypotheses on carbon leakage controversy are pollution haven and factor endowment. The carbon leakage rate caused by the unilateral measures concentrates at 5%-20%. The ways of carbon leakage show that carbon leakage not only flows from developed to developing countries, but also occurs in the Annex 1 countries. There are many factors impacting carbon leakage, but the integration degree of international commodity markets, the substitution elasticity of imported goods and domestic goods, the supply elasticity of fossil fuels, the substitution complexity of technologies in different industries, carbon abatement technologies, and market mechanisms are very important. At present, the border adjustment tax or carbon price in the world may be the measures to solve carbon leakage.