基于劳动力供给的“用工荒”及“刘易斯拐点效应”解读——以重庆市劳动力资源演变趋势为例

Analysis of Labor Shortage and the Effect of Lewis Turning Point Based on Labor Supply ——Taking Labor Resources Evolution Trends of Chongqing as an Example

未来5—10年重庆劳动力资源呈现"存量保持高位、增量负增长、构成老化加剧"的格局,但在产业升级、劳动迁移的背景下,相对于劳动力需求劳动力供给是充足的。我国逐步成熟的劳动力市场配置机制能有效促进劳动力供需的基本平衡,不宜夸大当前及未来的"用工荒"形势与"刘易斯拐点效应"的负面影响,它只是各地经济快速扩张和同质化竞争过程中的"成长痛",与当前区域劳动力供给变化并无因果关系。面对普工的"用工荒",不应简单地通过引入外来的普通劳动力来化解,而应通过技术进步、产业转型升级以及提高存量劳动力资源利用率(劳动参与率)予以应对;"刘易斯拐点"的来临,既是推动经济发展方式转型的外在动力,也是普通劳动者和低收入家庭提高生活水平的大好机会。

Labor-resources will keep in a new condition of high quantity, negative growth in incremental quantity and intensifying aging structure in the coming 5--10 years, under the background of industry upgrading and labor migration, however, the labor supply is sufficient by comparing with labor demand. China＇ s gradual mature labor market allocation mechanism can effectively boost the basic balance between the supply and the demand of labor force, so the situation of labor shortage and the negative effect of Lewis turning point should not be exaggerated at present and in the future, therefore, it is only the ＂growth pain＂ in the process of rapid expansion of the economy and homogeneity competition in all parts of China and there is no causality in current regional labor supply change. Facing the labor shortage of the workers with common skills, the problem should not be solved by simply introducing the workers with common skills from other places but should be solved by technical progress, industrial restructure and upgrading and high stock labor resources exploitation rate （working participation rate） , the coming of Lewis turning point is both the external motive to boost the restructure of economic development mode and the great opportunity of common workers and the family with low income to raise their living level.