谁从中国工会会员身份中获益?

Who Benefits from China's Trade Union?

在收入分配失衡及劳资争议加剧的背景下,中国加快了工会建设的步伐。但学界对中国工会是否有助于改善劳动权益,还有争议。鉴于已有基于企业截面数据研究可能存在的"加总谬误"及"选择偏误",本文首次基于2009年北京等六个省份的约24万雇员—雇主匹配数据,研究了工会对不同类型职工的异质性影响。在采用干预效应模型控制工会会员身份可能存在的选择效应后,本文发现:(1)中国工会不仅提高了会员职工的工资率,还降低了他们的工作时间。(2)不同技能职工从工会中的获益不同:中等技能职工加入工会后的工资率溢价高于均值,低技能职工低于均值,最高技能职工最小;就工作时间而言,低技能职工加入工会后的降幅大于均值。(3)进一步来看,中国工会影响存在所有制差异:国有企业职工的受益主要在工资率上,私营、港澳台和外资企业职工主要在工作时间上。

China accelerated the construction pace of trade unions, as the country＇s income distribution is worsening and labor relation is intensifying. However, it is widely controversial on whether trade unions have improved labor rights. Given the aggregation bias and selection bias arose from the firm level cross-sectional data, this paper innovatively studies union＇s heterogeneous effect on different type of workers using an employee-employer dataset including about 24 million workers surveyed in 35 cities in 2009. After controlling the selection bias using treatment effects model, we have found that： （ 1 ） Chinese trade unions have not only significantly improved workers＇ wage rate, but also reduced their working hours ; （2） The wage effect is primarily driven by medium-level skilled workers, whose wage rate increase is above the average; such wage effect is less significant among less-skilled workers. For both low-skilled and medium-skilled workers who have joined trade union, working hour is shorter than average. （3） Further analyses have shown that, the company ownership affects trade unionism largely： the state-owned enterprise workers benefit from trade union mainly on the wage rate; while private, HMT, and foreign invested enterprise workers benefit mainly from working hours.