错误归因的叠加效应:发生于情感还是语义过程?

The Additive Effect of Misattribution: Affective or Semantic?

错误归因是将某个效应的来源错认为是其它来源。研究采用修改的情感错误归因程序(AMP)范式,考察情感错误归因的叠加效应及该效应是否也发生于语义过程。结果表明:(1)经典AMP范式下,不论是情感启动词还是语义启动词都可以引发错误归因反应。(2)双情感启动词的AMP范式下出现了错误归因的叠加效应。(3)双语义启动词的AMP范式没有发现错误归因的叠加效应。说明错误归因的叠加效应只发生于情感过程。

Misattribution was conceptualized as mistaking an effect of one source for the effect of another. It was a common phenome- non in people＇s daily life. Payne et al. （2005） developed a paradigm of Affect Misattribution Procedure （AMP） and found that the af- fect aroused by the prime was misattributed to a neutral target. However, there is usually more than one prime of misattribution in real life. Based on previous studies that nonconscious affect deriving from independent primes had combined effects （Murphy, Monahan, ＆ Zajonc, 1995 ）, the present study adopted a modified AMP paradigm to investigate whether the additive effect of misattribution was in- duced by two sequentially presented affective primes. Furthermore, recent AMP studies indicated that semantic misattribution also took place （e. g. , Blaison, Imhoff, Htihnel, Hess, ＆ Banse, 2012）. Thus, this study used semantic priming as a contrast condition to fur- ther exam the additive effect of semantic misattribution. Three experiments were conducted in the present study, using the Chinese compound words as affective or semantic primes and the Hebrew words as targets. A total of 21 undergraduate students （11 males and 9 females） without any Hebrew learning experiences par- ticipated in Experiment 1 and Experiment 3a, which adopted the standard AMP procedure; they were seated in front of a Pentium m 800 computer and presented with the Hebrew word as a target immediately after the presentation of the Chinese word as a prime, their task was to indicate whether the target word depicted a positive / negative （ Experiment 1 ） or animate / inanimate （ Experiment 3a） ob- ject. Participants in Experiment 2 and Experiment 3b were 23 undergraduate students without any Hebrew learning experiences （9 males and 14 females）, who took part in the modified AMP paradigm of two sequentially present primes; they were presented with a Hebrew word, which was preceded by context stimuli （the first Chinese word） and prime stimuli （the second Chinese word） varying in terms of valence or semantic attribute. Their task was to judge whether they perceived the target word to be pleasant / unpleasant or animate / inanimate respectively. The main results （ see Fig. 2） were summarized as follows ： （ 1 ） In Experiment 1 and Experiment 3a, there were clear main effects of prime valance [ F（ 1, 20） = 26. 58, p 〈. 001, η2 = 1 ] and semantic attribute [ F（ 1, 20） = 51.79, p 〈. 01,η2 = 1 ], which im- plied there were significant misattribution effects under both affective and semantic priming conditions in the standard AMP paradigm. （2） Experiment 2 revealed a main effect of the second prime valance [ F（ 1, 22） = 8.98, p 〈. 01, η2 =. 82] and a significant two - way interaction between first prime valence and second prime valence [ F（1,22） = 6. 45 ,p 〈. 05, η2 =. 68 ], indicating that the affec- tive misattribution effect of the second prime was more pronounced when the valance of first prime was consistent with the second prime than when the valance of two primes were inconsistent, that is, the valence of the first prime and the valence of the second prime had an additive effect of misattribution. （3） Experiment 3b showed that, as a contrast condition, there were no misattribution effects in the modified AMP experiment by using two semantic primes. Based on the results of this study, the additive effect of misattribution only took place in the modified affective AMP. The affect a- roused by the primes that was misattributed to the targets presumably followed an additive function.