企业规模对生产率及其差异的影响——来自工业企业微观数据的实证研究

The Influence of Firm Size on Productivity and Its Difference——Based on the Empirical Test of Industrial Firms in China

本文以中国工业企业的微观数据为样本,通过企业规模分布的统计分析和全要素生产率的行业比较,构建半对数模型考察企业规模对生产率的影响及作用机制,进而利用夏普里值分解方法测算了企业规模对生产率差异的贡献。结果发现:在不同要素密集度的行业中,企业规模分布和生产率水平存在一定差异;企业规模与生产率之间呈现倒U型关系,但多数企业扩大规模仍然有利于生产率的提升:对于劳动密集型的纺织业和技术密集型的医药制造业而言,规模扩张依靠规模经济与技术创新效应两方面带动了生产率,而在资本密集型的交通运输设备制造业中,大规模生产会削弱研发活动对生产率的促进作用;来自不同类型行业的夏普里值分解结果显示,企业规模对生产率差异的贡献度均超过90%,远高于其他影响因素,是导致工业企业生产率不平衡的主要原因。

Using the sample of Chinese industrial firms, the firm size distribution is statistically analyzed and the total factor productivities between industries are compared. Based on the semi-log model, the impact of firm size on productivity and its influence mechanism are discussed. And then Shapley method is used to decompose and test the contribution of firm size to productivity differences. The results are shown that in different industries of different factor intensity, both the firm size distribution and productivity level have some differences; There is an inverted U-shape between firm size and productivity, but firm size expansion is advantageous to increase the productivities in most firms. For the firms in labor-intensive textile and technology-intensive pharmaceutical industries, the firm size expansion increases the productivity by economies of scale and technical innovation effects. While in the capital intensive transportation equipment manufacturing industry, the mass production will weaken the driving force of R＆D activities. According to the results of Shapley value decomposition from different kinds of industry, the contribution of firm size to productivity differences is all over 90%, obviously higher than the other factors, indicating that firm size difference is the main reason for the productivity difference.