摘要
对"私人恶德"可转化为公众利益的问题,哈丁在"公地悲剧"和"零和游戏"讨论中做了重要但不彻底的批判。自然、反自然是两种相反性质的进化,免费、付费是两种午餐模式;地球系统的自然演化是为生命提供"免费午餐"的熵过程。生物圈、"生态目的性"是外部性的参照系和本质判据。最小化配置资源,贯彻"生态目的性",使生物的外部性在生物圈层面得到最终消解而享用"免费午餐";不扮演生态角色,承担生态义务,最大化配置资源,"生态目的性"的丢失和非有机性使外部性成了人类的本质。对人类外部性的消除,自然既没有义务也没有能力。指数式增加的人类废物、废热对自然冗余功能的大量利用和自然"循环-扩散"机制的破坏,导致当代严重的社会-自然危机的出现;缩减人口-经济规模并实施"粮食石油"战略,是应对外部性规模危机根本且唯一之策。
According to Mandeville and Adam Smith, ＂private vices＂ and ＂personal benefits＂ bring ＂public benefits＂ when it is ＂lopped by justice＂ or under the guidance of ＂invisible hand,＂ and form win win situation of human beings and a rich harmonious society; the economics also violates its ＂no free lunch＂ motto, and suggests that ＂external diseconomy＂ is inessential and eliminable. In the light of the theory of ＂subversive＂ ecology, Hardin provides an important but incomplete criticism--externality is essential in ＂the game of win or lose,＂ and becomes eliminable when ＂freedom of use＂ and ＂private property right＂ is regarded to be the cause and countermeasure of ＂tragedy of t~：e commons. ＂
出处
《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2014年第2期99-110,共12页
Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences
基金
国家社会科学基金项目(10BRK003)
国家科技支撑计划(2012BAK22B02)
关键词
外部性
零和游戏
免费午餐
地球系统的自然演化
生态目的性
自然的秩序
自然循环
缩减人口经济规模
externality
the game of win-or-lose
free lunch
natural evolution of earth system
ecological purpose
the order of nature
natural circulation
reduce population economy size
