论用人单位侵权责任的统一与分立——基于法人侵权责任与雇佣人侵权责任的关系视角

On the Unity and Separation of Tort Liability for an Employer as an Entity: From the Perspective of the Relationship between a Legal Person's Tort Liability and an Employer's Tort Liability

我国关于用人单位侵权责任的制度安排经历了从"单一"到"分拆"再到"统一"的历史演进过程。《侵权责任法》第34条第1款"统一式"的立法进路打破了所有制形式的限制,也顺应了国际发展潮流。然而,简单划一的"用人单位—工作人员"主体模型呈现出复杂的责任样态,既不能在法律逻辑上周延自洽,又不符合民商法发展的现实需求,故应当将法人侵权责任从用人单位侵权责任中分立出去,借鉴公司法中的先进制度,建构起新型的法人侵权责任。法人对其工作人员的职务侵权行为承担责任并非基于传统的雇佣关系,而是两者之间的代理关系与代表关系。在代理关系中,科层制的组织关系替代了雇佣关系和控制关系,成为了新的职务联结标准;在代表关系中,代表人的行为被视为公司行为,公司为此承担侵权责任。

According to Article 34 Section 1 of the ＂Tort Liability Law of the People＇s Republic of China＇r where working personnel of an employing party cause damages to others due to performance of their tasks, the employing party shall be subject to tort liability this article is an arrangements of Tort liability Law, which reflects the Through the research of legal history