碳配额交易体系下企业低碳产品定价及最优碳排放策略

A Study on Low-carbon Product Pricing and Carbon Emission Problems under the Cap-and-Trade System

配额交易体系(cap-and-trade)是目前使用最广也是最有效的一种通过经济激励促使企业采取减排措施的机制。本文主要研究以配额制为基础的碳交易体系下单个企业低碳产品最优定价及碳排放策略问题,具体讨论了企业加入碳交易体系时,面对外生给定的碳交易价格以及市场上消费者对产品低碳度的不同偏好,基于政府免费分配的碳排放配额,如何最优地确定其生产周期内的目标碳排放量及其所生产的低碳产品最优价格,以使自身利润最大化。模型分析所得的性质与算例部分给出的数值结论反映了企业产品定价、减排边际成本与目标排放决策之间的关系,得出了一些对企业及政府决策都皆有一定价值的信息。

The mostly commonly used cap-and-trade system provides effective economic incentives to encourage enterprises to implement carbon-reduction strategies.This paper mainly studies a single enterprise＇s optimal policy for carbon emission and its lowcarbon product pricing in the context of cap-and-trade system.We detail the problem of how a firm arranges the volume of its target emission in its production cycle and prices its low-carbon products in a period of time in order to maximize the profit.The assumptions for solving this problem are that the carbon emission quota can be freely obtained from the local government and the exogenous carbon trading price can be voluntarily determined in the face of different customer preferences for low-carbon degree in the market.We gain some valuable information on strategy-making process for both enterprises and governments based on analysis results derived from the mathematical model and the numerical experiment which reflect the relationships among the pricing,cost of carbonreduction and target emission volume.Very few current literatures concentrate on a single company＇s strategy for periodic carbon emission under a cap-and-trade mechanism considering the emission-performance-dependent demand.Most of theoretical analyses are presented in Section 3,where we firstly define the demand function based on the assumption of preference on low-carbon product from heterogeneous customers.We solve the problem of formulating optimal pricing strategy and discuss the optimal strategy of deciding on emission quantity in the production cycle.The assumption for solving this problem is about a firm＇s complete controllability on the total emission volume for a whole period.However,in the real world it＇s practical for a firm to formulate an overall plan to control the cycle emission volume in a given period especially when implementing low-carbon projects such as the CDM project of city traffic system.Moreover,to provide some valuable theoretical managerial insights we provide some constructive indicators and suggestions on the emission quantity for a limited planning horizon.In order to obtain valuable conclusions,we carry out a detailed mathematical analysis using the model,in which we mainly focus on the relationship between emission-reduction cost and properties of the objective function.In such a context,we derive optimal solutions and explore the relationship between specific parameters and solutions in different situations where the function is convex,concave or linear.It‘s noted that different value of reduction marginal cost stands for company＇s different technology development stages as well as energy consumption types.In conclusion,this paper proposes some suggestions for companies using different energy consumption types and having technology development levels on how to price their low-carbon products and formulate a general emission plan.