生态工程技术在农业非点源污染控制中的应用

Application of Ecological Engineering Technology in Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Control

近些年来,随着点源污染得到有效的控制,非点源污染问题变得尤为突出,日益成为水环境污染的重要原因,虽然也有一些相应的治理措施,但是仍然存在成本高、难以大范围开展等问题。文章在广泛调研相关领域研究成果的基础上,综述了我国目前常用的控制农业非点源污染的生态工程技术,主要包括人工湿地、植被过滤带与缓冲带、多水塘系统、以及沟渠等。文章首先讨论了各种措施的净化机理,净化能力和适用情况,它们的净化机理主要是基于植被的拦截与吸收作用和底泥中各种微生物对污染物的吸附与降解转化作用,有效的降低水体中多种污染物的浓度和含量。然后文章对这些措施的效果进行对比,相比之下,人工湿地系统去污能力强,但是占地面积大,很大程度上限制了它的应用,而沟渠系统多用于农业生产中,去污效果也很好,具有很好的发展前景。最后文章提出多种措施耦合系统的生态工程技术将是非点源污染控制的一大发展趋势。

In recent years, point source pollution has been controlled effectively. However, non-point source pollution is becoming increasingly prominent issue. Although there are some treatment measures, there are still problems of high cost and difficult to carry out in large watersheds. Based on the analysis of related fields, ecological engineering technology of controlling agricultural non-point source pollution was summarized, including artificial wetland, vegetation filter strips and buffer zone, multiple ponds system, as well as the ditch and other measures. This paper discussed the purification mechanism and effect of various measures. The measures are based on interception and absorption from vegetation and sediment, simultaneously, interception and absorption from microorganism to effectively reduce the concentration and quantity of various pollutants in receiving water. In addition, the effect of these measures was compared, and results showed that constructed wetland system has better decontamination ability but need a lager area which limits their wide application. However, the ditch system which is both helpful in agricultural production and decontamination effect has a good development prospects. It was proposed that a variety of measures coupled will be the trend of ecological engineering technology for nonpoint source pollution control.