基于农业面源污染分区的三峡库区生态农业园建设研究

The construction of the eco-agricultural yards in three gorges reservoir area based on agricultural non-point source pollution zones

在三峡库区建立生态农业园是解决库区农业、环境和生态问题的有效措施。以农业面源污染分区为基础,探讨三峡库区重庆段生态农业园的建设模式和对策。结果表明:(1)根据地形地貌特征,将生态农业园规划为三大生态农业区,低海拔平坝丘陵生态农业区适宜发展"粮果蔬-猪-沼气-粮果蔬+休闲旅游"复合型高效农业模式,中海拔低山生态农业区可采用"粮-林-畜-沼气-草"的生态农业园建立模式,高海拔高山生态农业区适宜发展林草牧药复合型高效生态农业发展模式。(2)结合农业产业发展,确定了生态种植园、生态养殖园和生态综合园为该区的生态农业园建设方向。划分归并后的五大农业面源污染产污区中,库首外围丘陵山地产污区适宜以生态种植园为主导发展方向;库尾丘陵山地产污区可主营生态养殖园;余下3个产污区的发展核心都宜放在生态综合园建设。(3)三大生态农业区中的中海拔低山生态农业区和五大产污区中的库中平行岭谷产污区是库区生态农业园的建设重点。(4)为保障生态农业园的建设,应积极促进国家、政府、企业和农户之间的合作关系,不断创新和提升农业面源污染防控和农业生产技术。

As agriculture is increasingly challenged by constraints of resources, environment and population emerging from its modern development, it is imperative to explore a kind of sustainable agriculture such as ecological agricultural yards that could accommodate economic, social and ecological needs within an already stressed natural resource basement. To balance the relationships among ecological protection, economic increasing and agricultural development, the establishment of eco- agricultural yards is an effective measure in Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Based on agricultural non-point source pollution zones, this paper dealt with the construction modes and countermeasures of the eco-agriculture yards in Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing. The results showed ： （ 1 ） The Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing was divided into ＂one line, three zones and six pillar industries＂ in the whole. And according to the landform, the eco-agriculture yards were designed for three eco-agriculture districts, including the eco-agricuhure district in low altitude hilly area, the eco-agriculture district in middle altitude mountain area and the eco-agriculture district in high altitude mountain area Moreover, the complex agriculture mode with ＂crop, fruit, vegetables-pigs-biogas-crop, vegetables＋leisure tourism was suitable for the eco-agricuhural development in low altitude hilly area. The eco-agricultural mode with ＂ crop-forest- livestock-biogas-grass＂ could obtain well effective in middle altitude mountain area. And the eco-agricuhural mode with ＂ forest, grass, and livestock＂ complex mode was available for high altitude mountain area. Considering the development of agricultural industrialization, the ecological plantation, the ecological aquaculture and the ecologically integrated yards were suggested as the construction orientation of eco-agricuhural yards in the future in Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing. （2） On the basis of the existing agricultural non-point source pollution status, Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing was subdivided into five agricultural non-point source pollution producing zones, involving upstream peripheral hilly area, along the river in upstream hilly area, midstream paralleled ridge-valley area, downstream hilly area, and downstream of the main urban area. Pollution producing regions in upstream peripheral hilly area were suitably dominated by the ecological plantation. More attention should be paid to agricultural non-point source pollution form fertilizers in these regions. Pollution producing regions in downstream hilly area could concentrate on the ecological aquaculture. The eco-agriculture district in low altitude hilly area should regard agricultural non-point source pollution from rural households and runoff as the center of contamination controlling in these regions. And the rest regions were appropriate to the establishment of the ecologically integrated yard. Furthermore, greater monitoring efforts should be put into the pollution producing regions in midstream paralleled ridge-valley area. And, more controlling measures of agricultural non-point source pollution from fertilizers could be applied to eco-agricultural districts in middle altitude mountain area of pollution producing regions along the river in upstream hilly area, while residential areas in middle altitude mountain area were the core for agricultural non-point source pollution controlling in pollution producing regions in downstream of the main urban area. （3） Totally, the eco-agricultural districts in middle altitude mountain area, and the pollution producing regions in midstream paralleled ridge-valley area were the key zones to be constructed, owing to their extensive distribution, favorable natural conditions and more serious agricultural non-point source pollution status. （4） To promote the development of the eco-agricuhural yards in Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing, two aspects were necessary to be considered. That is, the cooperative relationships among the country, government, enterprises and farmers were positively built. And, the high-tech for agricultural production and non- point source pollution controlling measures should be continuously innovated and improved.