宪法社会权的体系性保障——以中德比较为视角

Systematic Guarantee of Constitutional Social Rights——from the Perspective of Sino-German Comparison

宪法通过不同方式规定了国家应当向有需要的公民提供给付,对此进行体系化,具有重大意义。本文在中德宪法比较的框架内,对此展开考察。在德国,《基本法》对社会权的保障包括四个方面。首先,《基本法》明确将母亲受到保护和照顾,规定为一项社会权;其次,联邦宪法法院从宪法条款推导出最低生活保障权;再次,平等权使得公民可以要求得到平等的给付;最后,社会国家原则对国家设定了促进社会正义的义务,这也有利于公民社会权的实现。参考德国宪法上对社会权的保障体系,本文对我国宪法对社会权的保障进行系统化,主张我国宪法社会权体系包括宪法直接规定的社会权、从宪法上推导出来的社会权、基于平等权的社会权、以及相关纲领性条款。

Constitutions oblige the state to make provisions to citizens in need. The systemization thereof is of great importance. This article pursues this goal from a Sino- German perspective. In Germany,the guarantee of social rights through Basic Law has four aspects. Firstly,it directly provides for the protection of mothers as a social right; secondly,the Federal Constitutional Court has recognized a right to living minimum based on human dignity clause in conjunction with social state clause; thirdly,citizens may demand provisions as equal treatment based on equality right; fourthly,social state clause obliges the state to promote social justice,which is helpful for the realization of citizens' social rights. Drawing on German framework,this article maintains that the system of constitutional social rights in China includes social rights directly provided for in the constitution,those derived from constitutional stipulations,those based on equality rights as well as relevant programmatic clauses of the constitution.