算术、语文学与犯罪的“滑稽剧”——从维特根斯坦后期哲学看尤奈斯库的荒诞剧《上课》

Arithmetic,Philology and the“Comic Drama”about Crime: A Study of Ionesco's Absurd Play The Lesson in the Perspective of Wittgenstein's Later Philosophy

尤奈斯库戏剧《上课》既充满暴力色彩和荒诞意味,又极具语言哲学意蕴,但通常阐释偏重前者,将其视为对强权统治及其非理性机制的嘲讽和批判,却往往忽略其中独特而深刻的语言哲学内涵。对后者的考察可与维特根斯坦后期哲学形成意味深长的对应。维特根斯坦后期哲学中有关语言的意义和用法、数学逻辑与经验事实、"疼痛"的语法、"实指定义"与"交流呼告"等方面的论述,有助于深入解析《上课》中失败的"语言习得"过程,进而有效地阐释该剧中"算术导向语文学"、"语文学导向犯罪"的离奇逻辑命题。在这部关于犯罪的"滑稽剧"中,算术和语文学授课的荒诞过程和血腥结局,在语言哲学层面凸显了维特根斯坦后期哲学所警示的诸种思维陷阱,并揭示出在权力政治的表层关系之下,隐藏在语言和思维等方面的深层冲突机制。

Eugene Ionesco＇s The Lesson is a play full of elements of violence and absurdity as well as rich meanings in language philosophy. However,the usual interpretations of this play have focused more on the former, viewing it as a satire and critique on totalitarianism and its irrational mechanism, while paying little attention to its unique and profound connotations in language philosophy. An examination of the latter might form a significant literary correspondence to Wittgenstein^s later philosophy. Wittgenstein~ s meditations and comments on meaning and use, on mathematical logic and experiential facts,on the grammars of ＂pain＂, the ＂ostensive definition＂ and the＂implied call for communications in a statement＂in his later philosophy,are helpful in analyzing the failed ＂language learning＂ in The Lesson and in elucidating the grotesque logic in this play which is ＂Arithmetic leads to philology, and philology leads to crime＂. In this ＂comic drama＂ about crime,the absurd process and bloody end of arithmetic and philological teaching epitomize kinds of traps of thinking warned by Wittgenstein＇ s later philosophy, and further exhibit the deep conflicts in language and thinking underlying the confrontational relations in terms of power politics.