三江平原城乡聚落的空间格局特征分析

Spatial Pattern Analysis of Urban and Rural Settlements in Sanjiang Plain

以三江平原城乡聚落为研究对象,综合应用ArcGIS空间分析技术和景观生态学方法,定量分析了城乡聚落的空间分布、规模分布和景观格局特征。结果表明:①三江平原城乡聚落整体分布稀疏,东南部和西部地区聚落分布相对较集中,东北部以及农垦区交错分布的区域聚落分布密度较低。聚落整体趋近于集聚分布,但集聚程度相对较低;②城乡聚落的规模分布存在空间集聚特征,但空间自相关程度不高。聚落规模分布呈现"南高北低"的空间分异特征,空间关联类型以正相关("高-高")类型为主;③城乡聚落斑块面积百分比较低,景观要素类型以耕地为主,城乡发展较缓慢。聚落斑块个数呈现出明显的分异特征,多数城乡聚落平均规模较小,离散程度较高,斑块形状较规则,破碎度较低。垦区城乡聚落数量多,规模小,布局分散的分布特征使得垦区难以发挥集聚功能,因此要统筹集中化发展,优化城镇空间布局。

We employ spatial analysis technology of ArcGIS software and landscape ecology method to analyze the spatial distribution, scale distribution and landscape pattern of urban and rural settlements in Sanjiang plain. The results indicate that： firstly, all the urban and rural settlements are sparse except in the southeast and west regions. The settlements density is low in northeastern and the farm-reclamation ecotone. In a word, the spatial distribution of settlements shows aggregated, but the degree is relatively low. Secondly, scale distribution of urban and rural settlements shows a weak spatial autocorrelation. The spatial distribution of settlement is higher in southern than in northern of Sanjiang plain and the spatial association type is mainly positive correlation （high-high type）. Thirdly, the percent of the urban and rural settlements patch area is very low, which indicates that the mainly landscape in this region is cultivated land and the settlements development is slow. The patch number shows differentiation obviously. Most of the settlements scale is small and the discrete degree is high. The patch shape of settlements is regular and the degree of fragmentation is low. Therefore, the distribution of large quantity, small scale and scattered layout of urban and rural settlements in state farms makes it hard to play agglomeration function. It is necessary to develop concentration as a whole and optimize the urban space layout.