英国议会主权的思想史演变

Ideological Evolution and Academic Codification of British Parliamentary Sovereignty

英国宪法学叙事中的"普通法范式"影响深远,但不能完整概括英国宪制的核心特征。以"议会主权"为代表性原则的"一元民主制"是英国宪制的核心特征,是英国宪制闻名于世的基础性支撑。主张"司法至上"的柯克传统并非英国宪法学的唯一传统,近代以来的英国数代法学家一直致力于一种"议会主权"学术与制度传统的经验描述与规范论证。布莱克斯通体现了普通法学者的政治成熟,提出了英国宪法中"议会主权"的原则性要素。白芝浩和戴雪在英国成熟宪法实践的基础上完成了英国宪法的"学术法典化",奠立了"议会主权"的宪法理论框架。二十世纪以来的詹宁斯、格里菲思、汤姆金斯等人则分别从功能主义和共和规范主义的进路推进"议会主权"的理论完善,并在当代英国宪法改革论辩中独树一帜。英国议会主权的思想演变对于支撑英国当代宪法学中的"政治宪法"传统具有核心理论意义,同时也构成深度理解英国当代宪法变革结构性争议及其走向的必要理论基础。

Although ＂the Common Law Paradigm＂ in the narratives of the British con stitution is profoundly influential, it is unable to comprehensively summarize the core feature of the British constitution, namely the ＂Monistic Democracy＂ with ＂Parliamentary Sovereignty＂ as its representative principle, which serves as the fundamental support of the high reputation of the British constitution. The Coke tradition, which advocates ＂judicial supremacy＂, is not the only tradition of the British constitution. Since the modern age, several generations of Britishjurists have devoted themselves to the studying of the tradition of ＂Parliamentary Sovereignty＂ by empirical depiction and normative argumentation. Among them, Blackstone showed some kind of political maturity as a common law student by identifying the principal elements of ＂Par liamentary Sovereignty＂. Bagehot and Dicey jointly completed the ＂academic codification＂ of the British constitution on the basis of mature British constitutional practice, thereby establis hing the constitutional theoretical framework of ＂Parliamentary Sovereignty＂. Since the begin ning of the twentieth century, Jennings, Griffith and Tomkins have promoted the theoretical per fection of ＂Parliamentary Sovereignty＂ through the approaches of functionalism and normativ ism, thereby forming a new school in the cotemporary debates on the British constitutional re forms. The evolution of the idea of ＂Parliamentary Sovereignty＂ is of central theoretical signifi cance to the cotemporary tradition of ＂Political Constitution＂, and constitutes a necessary theo retical basis of indepth understanding of the structural debates on and trends of development of the contemporary constitutional reforms in Great Britain.