美国紧急状态下的刑事司法:历史、述评与启示

Criminal Justice under State of Emergency in the U.S.:History,Review and Revelation

美国紧急状态下刑事司法体系由美国宪法与宪政制度、刑事实体法与程序法、法院组织规则、行政机构审查机制等组成;立法行为、行政行动与法院普通法判例规则共同构成了美国紧急状态下刑事司法的规范体系与运行依据。美国紧急状态下的刑事司法经历了美国建国初期、二战时期、20世纪下半叶以及后"9·11"时代四个具有代表性的发展阶段。建国初期的美国刑事司法与军事行动紧密结合;二战时期的美国刑事司法具有明显的不正义与司法智慧妥协的双重属性;20世纪下半叶随着美国国内刑事实体法的转向以及国际人权理论的发展,紧急状态下刑事司法呈现出融合普通刑事司法传统与军事羁押性质结合的特点;后"9·11"时代的紧急状态下的刑事司法表现出行政权的扩张与联邦最高法院"妥协"中不断尝试限制行政权的趋势。区分紧急状态情形下审判与普通审判,限制行政"固有"权力与保持普通法的发展传统体现了美国刑事司法保护国家安全司法机制的特点,非建构性与反效率是保障紧急状态下刑事司法法治化的应有之义。

The U. 3. system of criminal Constitution and constitutional laws, substantive and procedural criminal law, law on the organ ization of courts, and administrative review mechanisms. Legislative and administrative acts and rules of common law are the main components of the normative system and operational basis of this system. The system has undergone four periods of development in U.S. history： the Civil War period, in which the system was closely related to military actions; the World War II peri od, the system was a compromise between apparent injustice and judicial wisdom ; the Cold War period, in which the system was characterized by the integration of traditional criminal justice with military custody as a result of the transformation of the traditional substantive criminal law and the development of human rights theory ; and the Post ＂9.11＂ period, in which the ex pansion of executive power and the ＂novelty in compromises in the US Supreme Court＂ have be come the basic trends of the development of the system. Distinguishing between traditional crim inal justice and criminal justice under state of emergency, limiting the ＂inherent＂ power of ad ministrative organs, and upholding the development tradition of the common law are the three main features of the development of the system of criminal justice under state of emergency in the U. S.