陕西淳化枣树沟脑遗址马坑出土马骨研究

The Horse Bones Unearthed from Zaoshugounao Site in Chunhua County of Shaanxi Province

研究陕西淳化枣树沟脑遗址马坑出土马匹是否为已经驯化,为中国家养马匹的判定提供系列标准,同时复原遗址周边的自然环境与经济类型.鉴定马坑出土马匹的性别年龄,测量其骨骼数据,在此基础上,运用形态特征、年龄结构、性别比例、数量比例、考古学现象、病理学、食性分析和古DNA分析的方法开展综合研究.马坑内4匹马的年龄分别为15 ～18岁、1岁、2～2.5岁、1～2岁,且其中一匹为雄性.形态特征、性别比例、考古学现象等系列标准显示它们为家养马匹.这是目前首次对陕西地区先秦马坑、车马坑出土马骨进行的动物考古学研究,为探讨家马起源、迁徙、埋葬习俗、遗址自然环境和经济类型等问题提供更为科学的信息.

The issue whether the horses unearthed from Zaoshugounao site in Chunhua County,Shaanxi Province were domestic horses is studied to provide series criteria for the criterion of Chinese domestic horses.The natural environment of the site and the economic pattern reflected are restored.The age and gender of horses unearthed from the horse pit are identified and the skeleton data is measured.On such a basis,a comprehensive research is carried out through analyzing morphological characteristics,age structure,gender ratio,quantitative ratio,and archaeological phenomena as well as applying pathological research,isotope analysis,and ancient DNA analysis.The four horses unearthed from the horse pit were 15 ～ 18,1,2 ～2.5,and 1 ～2 years old,respectively,of which one was male.Series criteria including morphological characteristics,gender ration,and archaeological phenomena indicate that the four horses were domestic horses.The research is by far the first archaeological research on the horse bones unearthed from horse pits and chariot-horse pits of pre-Qin periods in Shaanxi region.It provides more scientific information for the discussion on issues such as the origin of domestic horses,migration,burial customs,the natural environment,and the economic pattern.