“类”为中介的“人”的解放——普遍性政治视野中的费尔巴哈与马克思

On the "Category" as the Intermediary for Human's Liberation ——A research of Feuerbach and Marx from the perspective of universal politics

人与社会的关系是政治哲学的核心命题。近代德国政治哲学强调国家,通过伦理与精神的统一奠定了普遍性的政治观念。费尔巴哈把人而非国家视作政治观念的总体,他对"类"概念进行绝对化的理论抽象,开创了反思性的人的原则,而由于他拒斥理性中介,即使最大限度的预设了人的感性生活,却无法超越精神哲学体系。马克思坚持了费尔巴哈关于政治伦理外在于人的判断,继而认定人不只是"概念的政治"的总体,且应当成为实践活动的主体,全面占有自己的本质,继而消灭政治社会的异化规定。马克思把人的共同体——"类"定义为必要的理性中介,将它置于人与社会的关系之中予以扬弃,是实现普遍人类解放的前提。

The relationship between human and society is the core proposition of political German political philosophy emphasizes the nation, and generates the ideas of universal politics through the union of ethics and spirits. Feuerbach regarded human as the whole of political conception rather than the nation. He abstracted the conception of “category” and initiated human＇s introspective principle. However, he rejected the rational intermediary; as a result, although human＇s sensuous life has been explained to the utmost extent, he cannot surpass the system of mental philosophy. Marx insisted Feuerbach＇s notion that political ethics is far beyond human-beings. Consequently, he adheres to Feuerbach＇s judgment on political ethics,then recognizes that people are not just “political conception” overall, and should become the subject of practice activities,and then destroy the political and social alienation provisions. Marx has identified the human community - “category” as the necessary rational agency, putting it into the relationship between man and society as a prerequisite for achieving universal human emancipation.