秦汉时期巫医术的方术化改造

The professionalized transformation of medical witchcraft in the Qin-Han Dynasties

巫术是指幻想依靠“超自然力”对客体加强影响或控制的活动.上古巫术应用范围很广,其中用于医疗者,称为“巫医术”,大致包括祝由、厌劾、禁忌数种.秦汉时期,巫医术被阴阳五行理论改造成为医方术的一部分.其中,巫术鬼神系统被方士鬼神系统取代;祝由术、禁忌法被渗入术数思维;厌劾术基本被符篆术取代.巫医术改造不彻的残留,亦为秦汉方技家所兼收并用.

By witchcraft, it refers to the activities of imagining and intending to affect or control the object through＂ supernatural power＂. Ancient witchcraft was applied extensively in which those applied for medical purpose included sorcery, praying, superstitious art of anti-disaster, and tabooing, were collectively called＂ medical witchcraft＂. During the Qin-Han periods, witchcraft was transformed by the theory of Yin- Yang and Five-Phases as a part of technical profession. Among them, the system of demon-ghost witchcraft was replaced by the necromantic ghost system; exorcism and taboo system were infiltrated with the concep- tion of the art of mathematics and technical system; whereas the superstitious art of anti-disaster was re- placed by incantation. The remnants of medical witchcraft not yet totally transformed were also applied by the technical professionals of the Qin-Han Dynasties.