数理视野中的西方本体论与先验论

The Ideas of Western Ontology and Apriorism Within the Scope of Mathematics and Physics

西方哲学是逐物之哲学,其理论基础,源于数学与自然科学,故西方哲学史上有关键意义的大哲学家,多同是数学家或物理学家,他们得力地推动了西方哲学向前发展。因而从数理之内贯轴线上去看西方哲学之总体特征及形而上学与本体论(ontology),则可确切地把握其要义。笛卡尔—莱布尼茨—沃尔夫,以几何学—微积分等数理观念开创了西方理性哲学的新时代。数学对哲学的影响,从未如此深刻与普遍,那奥秘抽象的本体论术语,则由沃尔夫创设出来。若离开那个时代的纯数观念与微积分等方法,是无法确切地把握形而上学中关于本体论之分类观念的。同时,这种本体论与相应的逻辑范畴协合成一体,它完全区别于中土之穷玄探源理论。中国学人泛用西方本体论,多是粘连了中国"体用论"中之"体"(本体)的大义而行混淆之术,颇有自欺欺人之疑。康德先验论是西方科学的基础,它既来源于经验,又独立于经验。故它只研究认识能力中之必然性与普遍性。对这种繁奥之数理问题,与其用陈套俗语去平滑地言说一通,不如用数理观念去呈现其要义。后者,是一种既属感性(直观)而又属理性之体验,比单调之概念认识要深一层。

The essence of western philosophy is cognition. Its theoretical foundation came from mathematics and natural sciences,explaining why the key philosophers in the history of western philosophy are mathematicians or physicists as well. These scientist philosophers pushed forward strongly the western philosophy,and therefore it is arguable to make clear the overall characteristics of western philosophy and its metaphysical and ontological gist through the axis of mathematics. The line Descartes-Leibniz-Wolff illustrated the new era of western philosophy opened with the idea of geometry-infinitesimal calculus,the impact of mathematics on the development of philosophy is never so impressive. The abstract term of ontology is coined by Wolff. No any the pure mathematical ideas produced at that time,the accurately typological interpretation of metaphysics and ontology seemed not possible. Meanwhile,this ontology completed into a unity with the corresponding logical category,different sharply from the Chinese ideas of pursuing the origins in supernatural things. The application of Chinese scholars was mostly mixed incorrectly with the idea of main-body from main-body and the use. On the other hand,Kantian apriorism,as the basis of western science,came from the experience yet independent from the experience,concerning the necessity and universality in cogitative ability. Such philosophical issues would be possibly solved within the scope of mathematics,which provided rigorous and precise ideas about ontology and apriorism.