清代书院儒学传播途径探微

Channels for Education of Confucianism in Qing's Academies

清代是书院儒学传播的最重要时期之一,清代书院对士人日常教育的主要内容是儒学。日常讲学承担了书院的主体教育职能,无疑成为书院最主要的儒学传播途径。其特点是"半教半学",非常重视师友砥砺、形成亲密的师生关系,使生徒潜移默化地受到影响;藏书、刻书是书院的重要特征,也是儒学传播的重要途径;祭祀作为书院规制的重要组成部分,是确立儒家道统的重要载体和途径,从精神信仰层面传播儒学。此外,书院还通过命名题额、嵌碑立石、匾联语录等多种环境熏陶途径将生徒纳入到儒学的精神世界中。

In Qing Dynasty the education of Confucianism found its prospering in Academies, where mainly Confucius doctrines were taught to the students. Through lecturing and teaching, most important channels for education of Confucianism, the academies featured themselves as follows. Firstly, Half teach- ing and half learning. The academy conducted teaching by fostering intimate teacher-student relationship, as both the teachers and the students could discuss and debate like friends, making the students understand the teaching unconsciously. Secondly, Library and Carvings of books. All these are also a channel for Con- fucianism Education. Thirdly, Sacrifice. It is a channel for Confucianism education through spiritual belief, making it possible to establish Confucius Ideologies , which are also part of the academy＇s regulations and carriers of Confucius doctrines. Thirdly, Emperors＂ Inscriptions, couplets, stone carvings and engravings, and sayings by celebrities. All this created an atmosphere of Confucianism education, making it a spiritual pursuit of both the teachers and the students.