《伊利亚特》的世界——有关生命、死亡、葬礼及其竞技

The World of the Iliad:Life,Death,Funeral and Funeral Games

本文从分析荷马史诗《伊利亚特》中与生命和死亡最相关的重要概念——力(menos)、气息或知觉(thumos)、智识(noos)、尸体(nekros或nekus)和魂魄(psyche)——入手,尝试还原上古时期希腊人的生死观,并对那个时期个体(特别是优秀个体,即英雄)死亡给个人、家族及社会带来的多重威胁进行解释。在此基础上,借助文本中关于葬礼及葬礼竞技的描写,分析上古希腊社会化解个体死亡威胁及共同体自我净化的有效机制。

This essay intends,through a series of concepts,such as menos,thumos,noos,nekros( or nekus) and psyche,to understand early Greeks' view of life and death,and to further make sense of the threats that a Greek's death( ecially.a hero's) would pose to himself,to his household and to his community.Grounded on these analyses,both the functions of a Greek funeral and the meanings of funeral games at that time can be reasonably explained.