试论明清时期藏族土司地区的社会管理体系

Dicussion on Social Management System of Tibetan Chieftain Areas during Ming and Qing Dynasty

章旨在探讨明清时期藏族土司地区社会管理体系的构建,认为在民族国家传统政治体制之内,中央政府在部落组织架构基础上建构了一种"土流参治"与"政教合一"的社会管理组织架构。在这种社会管理组织架构中,明清时期中央王朝通过"以政代社"方式在藏族土司地区完成社会管理,成为藏族社会管理的重要管理主体;在土司制度确立的政治架构中,土司成为藏族土司地区进行社会管理的核心主体,对于具体的社会管理事务主要借助于传统的部落组织运作机制和藏传佛教的社会影响力以及藏族民间习惯法采实现社会管理;藏传佛教在社会管理中居于基础性主体地位,在土司辖区不仅通过"政教合一"权力结构进行组织管控,而且还通过宗教意识和宗教仪轨进行渗透、调控。

The paper focuses on exploring the structure of social management system in Tibetan chieftain areas in Ming and Qing dynasty, and obtained the view that a ＂chieftain＇s involving in management＂ and ＂unification of the state and the religion＂ was formed on the basis of tribe organizational structure by the central government in traditional political system in a multi-national country. In such structure, the central dynasty of Ming and Qing finished the social management through the means of ＂politics for society＂ that became the important management body. In the political structure where chieftain system had definitely set up , chieftain became the core body of social management in Tibetan areas, and fulfilled its function by managing system of traditional tribes, the social influence of Tibetan Buddhism and local common Tibetan law. Tibetan Buddhism kept the chief position in social management. It realized its management not only by power structure of ＂unification of the state and the religion＂, but also the religious awareness and ritual procedure.