两汉私营手工业生产者的身份与地位

On the Identity and Status of the Private Handicraft Producers in the Han Dynasties

两汉时期,雇佣工匠普遍存在于大中型的私营手工业中,他们属于有技艺的工匠,与雇主之间没有任何的人身依附关系,以技艺来获取一定的报酬,且在社会中有一定的地位,非私属徒、奴婢所能比拟。私营手工场中的奴婢,其来源于私属徒、买卖奴隶、家内奴隶、僮仆等,为私营手工场中身份最为低下的生产者,境遇比较悲惨;小作坊手工业以商品生产为目的,使用的劳动者多是家庭成员,或者雇佣一二名工匠进行生产。尽管个体手工业者是身份自由的国家的编户齐民,但同样在当时抑末政策压制下的社会环境中,必须接受封建国家的"市籍"管理,向封建国家交纳重税,其实际地位要低于农民,故而其小作坊的发展也是比较艰难的。

In the Han Dynasties, the hired skilled craftsmen universally existed in large and medium-sized private hands industries, and earned a certain amount of money for their skills. They didn＇t have any personal attachments with their employers by enjoying a much higher position than that of the private apprentices. The slaves and maids in the private manual factories came from private apprentices, the bought and sold slaves, the household slaves and houseboys. They were the lowest in the private manual factories and their working conditions were terri- ble. With the purpose of goods production, individual workshops mainly employed family members, or hired one or two craftsmen. However, in the social circumstance repressed by the suppression policy, they must accept the management of ＂the registration of cities＂ and pay heavy taxes to the feudal society. In fact, their real status was even lower than that of farmers. As a result, the development of individual workshop was rather difficult.