1841年黄河决溢围困开封城的空间再现及原因分析

Spatial Reconstruction of the Yellow River Flood Sieged Kaifeng City in 1841 and the Reasons of the Flood

开封城市的兴衰与黄河变迁关系密切.道光二十一年(1841年)黄河决溢围困开封洪水事件,是开封城市发展史上黄河7次入城当中仅次于崇祯十五年(1642年)的重大城灾事件,亦是距今最近的一次灾害,对开封城市影响深远.结合《汴梁水灾纪略》绘制出多幅黄水决溢围困开封形势图,总结出灾害的发生具有漫水灌城、大溜分股浸城、大溜冲射危及西北城隅和堵御黄河决口等阶段性特征.从水情、地形以及人文因素等探讨灾害发生的原因,"虽由天灾,实为人祸",是这场灾害的真实写照.通过现代技术手段复原出灾害的地理空间场景,为重新解读灾害事件拓宽了新的学术视角,也可为今日黄河水患治理提供借鉴.

Vicissitudes of Kaifeng City in history are closely related to the Yellow River.The Yellow River flood sieged Kaifeng in 1841was one of the six major urban flood disasters which was only less severe than the disaster in 1642,and was the nearest flood disaster until now.It has a significant impact on the subsequent development of Kaifeng City in the whole developing history.According to theBianliang Shuizai Jilue＂written by an intellectual whose pen name was Tongding sitong jushi（痛定思痛居士）,many maps of the Yellow River flood sieged Kaifeng City were drawn out in this paper,and the flood event was divided into four periods：the flood flowing into the city, the main flood splitting up three streams and immersing the city,the main flood scouring citys northwest corner, and plugging the Yellow River flood.The reason of the flood disaster was due to the combined effects such as water regime,topography and human factors,among which human factors were the main reason.Through the modern technology,the geospatial scenes of the flood disaster were reconstructed in this paper which can broaden the new academic perspective for reinterpreting the disaster event,and also has benefit of flood control in the Yellow River today.