19世纪初俄国的教育改革及其评价

Review of Russia’s education reform in the early 19th century

19世纪初俄国的国民教育改革是亚历山大一世系列重要自由主义改革成果之一。在国民教育改革过程中,俄国于1802年建立了国民教育部,制定的教育分级制度直到1917年革命前都没有发生变化。此外,亚历山大一世颁布了《国民教育初步规章》和1804年大学章程等系列改革政策,发挥了极其特殊的作用。瑞士人Ф.Ц.拉阿尔普、沙皇的"青年朋友"以及M.M.斯佩兰斯基伯爵对亚历山大一世教育改革思想的形成起到了不可估量的作用,他们直接并积极地参加了国民教育改革方案的制定,协助亚历山大一世制定了一系列重要的改革方针。俄国国内外对19世纪初的俄国教育改革评价褒贬不一,但总的来说,教育改革对俄国教育管理的制度化起到了十分重要的奠基作用,推动了俄国教育的发展。

At the beginning of the 19 th century Russian national education reform was one of the important liberal reform efforts under the rule of Alexander I.In the process of the reform,the national ministry of education was established in 1802 and education grading system did not change until the 1917 Revolution.The national education prehminary rules by Alexander I and reform policies of university Charter in 1804 have played a special role.Switzer LaHarpe,Tsar' s "young friend" and earl M.M.Speransky gave an immeasurable influence on Alexander I thought of education reform.They directly and actively participated in the national education reform plan,assisted Alexander I to formulate a series of important reform policies.There are controversy around this education reform inside and outside Russia.Overall,the education reform is very important to institutionalization of education management and it promoted the development of Russia' s education.