农民专业合作社纵向一体化水平测度:模型与实证分析

Vertical Integration Level Measurement of Farmer's Cooperatives:Model and Empirical Analysis

农民专业合作社纵向一体化发展,对于转变农业发展方式、调整农业产业结构、促进农民增产增收和保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。首先,本文从规模经济和范围经济理论、交易成本理论、需求层次理论以及社会分工理论等视角对农民专业合作社纵向一体化进行了理论说明。其次,在对现有纵向一体化测度方法总结的基础上,基于调研数据采用层次分析法对陕西省50家果蔬类农民合作社纵向一体化水平进行了测度。分析结果表明:①陕西省农民专业合作社纵向一体化总体水平不高,样本合作社纵向一体化水平均值为0.244 8;②分环节看,产中环节一体化水平(均值0.353 0)高于产前(0.201 3)和产后环节(0.255 5)。表明合作社按照传统习惯注重产中环节服务,但对产前环节和产后环节业务纵向拓展不够;③分产业看,蔬菜类合作社(均值0.252 1)纵向一体化水平总体高于水果类合作社(均值0.237),水果类合作社需要加强产中和产后环节纵向一体化水平。最后,从深化合作社纵向一体化水平的角度提出了相关建议:一是完善多方利益联结机制,使社员、合作社、农资供应企业、农产品销售企业等不同主体形成优势互补、资源共享的稳定产业链条;二是尽快制定并落实合作社税费减免办法,鼓励合作社业务向产业链下游加工、配送、直销等环节延伸;三是加强农产品质量认证体系建设,积极开拓农产品高端市场,用经济利益引导合作社深化产前、产中环节的纵向一体化水平。四是加大对合作社资金扶持和信贷支持,缓解合作社在农资采购、冷库建设、配送体系车辆配置等方面的资金困难,促使其业务范围前向、后向不断延伸。五是相关研究机构帮助合作社制定发展规划,根据合作社自身情况,找出其纵向拓展的重点领域,提高其纵向一体化水平。

Vertical integration of farmer cooperatives has significant effects in optimizing agricultural development, adjusting agricultural architecture, raising farmers＇ incomes, promoting production and ensuring national food security. In this paper, we systematically elaborated the theory of vertical integration of farmer cooperatives from different perspectives such as theory of scale economy and scope of economy, transaction costs theory, hierarchy of needs and social division of labor. Based on the summary of current methods for vertical integration measurement, we performed an analytic hierarchy process （AHP） analysis to measure the level of vertical integration of 50 fruits and vegetables cooperatives in Shaanxi Province, using the surveyed data. The results demonstrated that ： ① 8.The overall level of vertical integration in Shaanxi Province was not high, with an average value of 0. 244 8. ②Horizontally, the integration level of middle part of agricultural production was higher than the first part and the last part, with average values of 0. 353 0, 0. 201 3 and 0. 255 5, respectively, suggesting the cooperatives focuse on the services in the middle part presumably based on traditions and habits, whereas the first and last parts need more lateral development. ③In concern of industries, the vegetable cooperatives showed better integration level than fruit cooperatives, with average values of 0. 252 1 and 0. 237, respectively. And the fruit cooperatives need more lateral integration in the middle and last parts of production. To improve the vertical integration of farmers cooperatives, we provide several suggestions： Firstly, establish the joint benefits mechanism for farmers, cooperatives, providers of agricultural materials and sales enterprises of agricultural products; stabilize the industrial chains by complementing each other＇ s advantages and sharing resources. Secondly, enact policies to reduce taxes and fees for cooperatives and encourage them to extend their service scopes to downstream processing, distribution, direct selling and so forth. Thirdly, reinforce the establishment of quality certification system for agricultural products, explore the high-end markets, and induce the vertical integration of the first and middle parts using economic interest. Forth, increase the financial and loan supports for cooperatives, relieve their financial pressure in purchasing agricultural materials, refrigerator constructuion, and disposition of distribution vehicle and extend their service scopes to all directions. Lastly, invite research institutes to make/optimize the development plans for cooperatives, combine their situations to prioritize their delopment, and eventually promote their vertical integration levels.