云南德钦永芝古墓葬出土铜铁器的初步分析

A Preliminary Analysis of Bronzes and Ironware Unearthed from Ancient Tombs at Yongzhi

德钦县位于云南省西北部横断山脉地段,是北方青铜文化传入云南的重要地区。为研究滇西北地区青铜时代的金属技术,采用金相观察和化学成分分析方法,对德钦永芝战国末至西汉早期的古墓葬出土铜铁器进行了研究。分析的11件铜器中,发现其材质有红铜、Cu-Sn合金、Cu-As-Pb合金,以及含As的其它铜金属,合金类型有多样化的特点,但红铜占较大比例。Cu-As-Pb合金是云南第2次发现砷白铜,其冶炼技术的来源值得关注。铁器中出现了块炼渗碳钢,为一种低碳钢,这是滇西北地区首次科学分析的铁制品。铜器加工方式主要为热锻和热锻后冷加工,个别为铸后冷加工。该墓葬出土的铜剑、铜马杖头和弧背刀等都有明显的北方草原文化影响,说明这些技术可能与北方草原文化有关。本文首次用科学手段分析了滇西北迪庆地区的青铜器和铁器技术,对研究云南早期青铜文化金属器的制作工艺及其来源有一定意义。

Deqin county, located in the Hengduan Mountains in northwestern Yunnan province, is an important gateway of the spreading of north China bronze culture to Yunnan. To understand the Bronze Age metallurgical technology in northwestern Yunnan, bronzes and ironware dating to the late Warring States period to the early Western Han dynasty unearthed from tombs at Yongzhi village in Deqin are studied by way of metallographic observation and chemical composition analysis. It is found that the eleven bronze objects analyzed consist of copper, Cu-Sn alloy, Cu-As- Pb alloy and other alloys containing Cu and As, indicating the diversity of alloys, with copper being the major component. It is the second time that Cu-As-Pb alloy has been discovered in Yunnan and the related metallurgical technology is worth noting. Block-fining iron carbide, a kind of low carbon steel, is identified in the ironware. This is the first time that ironware from northwestern Yunnan is scientifically analyzed. Hot forging and cold working after hot forging were the principal methods of bronze processing. Sometimes cold working after casting was in use as well. Distinct features are noticed on the bronze swords, horse-shaped decoration and arc-shaped knife, suggesting that the techniques are possibly related with the north grassland culture.