从思想者到行动者的嬗变——以陀思妥耶夫斯基的“地下室人”和“超人”为例

From a Thinker to an Actor——Take The Underground Man and Superman by Dostoevsky for Example

陀思妥耶夫斯基笔下的地下室人,一方面用"以头撞墙"的勇气诘问一系列理性的逻辑:当理性遭遇生活本身,用理性的规律、科学的逻辑、统计学的方法是否能够丈量、计算生活的真理,体验人的本性;另一方面发出个性与自由的呼告:他不惜以病态的呐喊、牙痛般的呻吟体验挑战的快感。而拉斯科尔尼科夫在某种程度上则似乎从地下室走出来,用行动演绎地下室人的理论,真切见证人的利益不能用统计方法计算。但二者在争取自由和个性道路上的态度却一致,拉斯科尔尼科夫从地下室人开启的那扇虚掩的门后走出来,将这种精神发展到极限,从而上演绝对自由的悲剧。本文分析"以头撞墙"的思想者到"举起斧头"的实践者变化的原因,以此揭示陀思妥耶夫斯基对理性、非理性、自由与个性的界限、道德抉择等问题的思考。

The ＂underground man＂ by Dostoevsky, on the one hand, questions a series of rational logic with the courage of ＂bumping the head into the wall＂ ： When ration is confronted with life itself, can the reality and truth be evaluated and calculated and the natural instinct be experienced by means of rational regulations, scientific logic, or statistic methods？ On the other hand, indivi- duality and liberty have been claimed： he experiences the pleasure of challenge. However, Raskolnikov, to some extent, seems to have stepped out of the underground. He illustrates the theory of the underground man and witnesses that human beings＇ bene- fits cannot be calculated statistically. They both have the same attitude in pursuing liberty and individuality.