罪刑法定的路径选择与方法保障——以刑法中的类型思维为中心

Path Selection and Method Guarantees of Statutory Crime and Penalty:Centered on the Thinking of Types in Criminal Law

客观具体化和高度概括性的立法与罪刑法定会形成一种内在的紧张关系,类型化的思维有助于弥补二者之不足。因为类型处于普遍与个别的中间位置,能有效调适刑法规范与案件事实并使其在类型上形成统一体,使刑法的明确性在作为类型的构成要件上得到体现。具体案件事实不是涵摄而是归类于类型之下,所有的法律适用都是类推,在刑法上不可能严格禁止类推。立法上的类型是通过调适理想类型与具体案件事实群形成的,根据国民的可预测程度,自然犯的类型应相对简洁,行政犯的类型应相对详尽,且应采取例式法的立法模式。在具体适用中,事物的本质与事物的语言指向同一真理,解释与类推的界限应在不法类型与可能文义之间沟通,且最终通过可能文义得以实现。

There exists an inherent tension between the legislation of highly generalization and concrete objectivity and nulla poena sine lege, which thinking of types helps to overcome their deficiencies. Because the types locates in between the universal and the individual, which can effectively adjust criminal norm and case facts and form an integration in types. The clarity of criminal law could be reflected on constitution as types. The specific case facts are not subordinate to types, but categorized into types. All application of laws is analogy, it is not possible to prohibit strictly analogy in criminal law. Legislative types are formed through adapting to ideal types and specific case facts clusters. According to predictable degree of nationals, the types of natural offense should be relatively concise, the types of statutory offense should be relatively detailed and take the legislation of precedents. In practice, the nature of thing and the language of thing point to the same truth, so the boundaries of interpretation and analogy should be communicated between illegal type and possible literary content, and it is achieved eventually through possible literary content.