“永恒的‘一’多样地呈现着自身”——歌德视域下的“一”与“多”

“And it is the permanent Oneness,That presents itself in many ways.”——The“Oneness”and“Many”in the View of Goethe

文章以歌德的自然观为切入点,回顾和梳理了西方思想史对"一"和"多"关系的发展探讨。该问题源自于古希腊,经过中世纪的发展,到近代斯宾诺莎形成了"泛神论",这些对歌德时代德国观念论的内在性特征的塑造起到了决定性的作用。在这样的思想大背景之下,作为德国古典主义文化的杰出代表者,歌德对自然的认识角度和考察路向都呈现出与近代以技术操作为主要手段的科学方法和自然观迥然不同的特色,并且在新的历史条件下深化了对"一"和"多"问题的理解。文章通过一定的原始文本依据阐发了这一特色。

Taking Goethe’s views on nature as the breakthrough point,this paper reviews and sorts out discussions on the development of the relation between “oneness”and “many”in the history of western philosophy.The question of the relation thereof,which derived from ancient Greece and passed through the Middle Ages and Spinoza’s modern pantheism,has played a determining role in the shaping of the immanent characteristics of German idealism of the Goethe’s Age.Against such a backdrop of thinking, Goethe, as an outstanding representative of German classicistic culture, demonstrated in his cognition of nature and path of exploration features distinct from the modern technological-operation-based scientific method and views on nature; and he even furthered understanding of this question under the new historical conditions.In this paper,the elaboration of this finding is based on the sources of the original texts.