不同耕作和培肥模式对豫中冬小麦田土壤腐殖质及微生物区系的影响

Effects of tillage and fertilization measures on soil humus and microorganisms of winter wheat in mid Henan province

了解不同耕作与培肥模式对麦田土壤的影响，对提升麦田土壤地力及促进小麦的持续高产具有重要的意义。试验于2011-2012年在许昌县陈曹乡史庄村小麦试验田进行，以周麦22为试验材料，分别于孕穗期、开花期和成熟期取土测定土壤微生物与腐殖质含量。借助方差分析和相关分析等经典统计方法研究了不同耕作模式（浅耕15~20 cm；深耕35~40 cm）和培肥模式（单施化肥；化肥增施有机肥）对麦田土壤腐殖质与微生物的影响。试验结果表明：深耕增施有机肥能够显著提高小麦生育后期0~5和5~20 cm耕层土壤富里酸含量（p〈0.01）。增施有机肥有利于小麦生育后期各耕层土壤胡敏酸含量的积累（p〈0.05），其中20~40 cm耕层土壤增幅最为明显，成熟期深耕增施有机肥与浅耕增施有机肥和开花期相比增幅分别达253.85%与300.00%；深耕增施有机肥能够显著提高小麦孕穗期与成熟期5~20 cm耕层土壤细菌数量（p〈0.01），成熟期浅耕增施有机肥与深耕增施有机肥处理细菌数量和开花期相比增幅分别达690.38%和508.75%，其中深耕增施有机肥处理与其它三个处理相比细菌数量最多且差异极显著（p〈0.01）。增施有机肥能够显著提高小麦成熟期0~5与20~40 cm耕层土壤真菌数量（p〈0.01），深耕增施有机肥能够显著提高小麦孕穗期5~20 cm耕层土壤真菌数量（p〈0.01）。深耕增施有机肥能够显著提高小麦生育后期20~40 cm耕层土壤放线菌数量（p〈0.05）。相关分析表明，在本研究培肥和耕作模式下麦田土壤腐殖质组分的含量与微生物区系的数量呈正相关关系。

It would be great significant to understand the affection of different tillage practice and fertilization on enhancing the soil fertility and promoting sustainable high yield in wheat. In this study, Zhoumai 22 was chosen as the experimental material and the soil samples of booting, flowering and maturity stage were took during 2011-2012 to determine the content of soil humus and microorganisms in Shizhuang village , Chencao township, Xuchang city. The experimental data was further analyzed through variance and correlation analysis studying the effects of different tillage practices （shallow ploughing 15-20 cm; deep ploughing 35-40 cm） and fertilizations （chemical fertilizer only; chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizers） on wheat soil humus and microorganisms. The result showed that deep ploughing with organic fertilizer could significantly improve the fulvic acid content in 0-5 and 5-20 cm soil layer during the late of the growing stages（p〈0.01）. Organic fertilizers is conducive to the accumulation of humus acid content in all soil layers during the late growth stage （p〈0.05） and the humus acid content in 20-40 cm soil layer of maturity stage was nearly 2.5 and 3.0 times respectively compared with flowering stage under deep ploughing with organic fertilizer and shallow ploughing with organic fertilizer treantment. In addition, deep ploughing with organic fertilizer treatment can significantly improve the bacteria number in 5-20 cm soil layer during booting and maturity stages （p〈0.01）. The bacteria number was nearly 6.9 and 5.1 times respectively in maturity stage compared with flowering stage under deep ploughing with organic fertilizer and shallow ploughing with organic fertilizer treatment. And the bacteria number increased significantly under deep ploughing treantment （p〈0.01）. The organic fertilizer could significantly increase the fungi number in 0-5 and 20-40 cm soil layer during maturity stage （p〈0.01） and deep ploughing with organic fertilizer could significantly increase the fungi number in 5-20 cm soil layer during booting stage （p〈0.01）. Furthermore, deep ploughing with organic fertilizer could significantly increase the actinomycetes number in 20-40 cm soil layer during late growth stage of wheat. Correlation analysis showed that it was positive correlation between wheat soil humus content and the microorganisms number under the tillage and fertilization modes of this study.